Geology topics

Research about Missouri

Source-linked reports with geographic coverage including Missouri.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

USGS2019

Ligation and division of ductus deferens does not produce long term sterility in most bighead carp or grass carp

Invading species are most easily eradicated or controlled if detected early and rapid action can be taken, but locating and eradicating small numbers of aquatic invaders is extremely difficult. Bighead carp ( Hypophthalmichthys nobilis ) and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are Asian cyprinids that have been widely introduced and are considered undesirable and detrimental invasive species in many parts of their introduced range. The relatively novel “Judas fish” technique is used to locate aggregations of fish in the wild by strategically releasing individuals equipped with surgically implanted transmitters. However, releasing Judas fish that are capable of reproducing is problematic because it could add to the invasion problem by contributing to recruitment if not recaptured. We thus tested whether surgical ligation and division of the ductus deferens could effectively sterilize adult diploid bighead and grass carp. If effective, surgical sterilization would result in a superior Judas fish by maintaining the reproductive motivation derived from intact gonads while blocking the reproductive potential. This technique was initially successful, but ultimately most individuals were able to recanalize the surgically-severed ducts and produce milt, and were thus potentially able to reproduce during the following spawning season. Thus, ligation and division of the ductus deferens does not seem to be a viable procedure to sterilize bighead carp or grass carp for deployment as Judas fish where long term sterility of the fish is paramount in importance.

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USGS2019

Geochemistry of hematite veins in IOA-IOCG deposits of SE Missouri, USA: Relation to felsic magmatism and caldera lakes

The paragenesis, textures, and chemical compositions of secondary hematite in regional potassic altered rhyolites, four IOA deposits, the sedimentary iron deposit at Pilot Knob and the Boss IOCG deposit in SE Missouri were determined and compared to primary magnetite from the IOA and IOCG deposits. Magnetite is composed of elements characteristics of mafic to intermediate intrusions whereas hematite is enriched in elements characteristic of felsic igneous rocks. These results suggest that magnetite formed from fluids discharged from mafic to intermediate composition intrusions. Hematite precipitated from fluids discharged from felsic intrusions or fluids that evolved in caldera lakes. Hematite in the sedimentary iron deposit at Pilot Knob formed in an evaporative caldera lake with fluid inputs from felsic intrusions.

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USGS2019

Absence of magnetite microlites, geochemistry of magnetite veins and replacements in IOA deposits, SE Missouri, USA: Relations to intermediate intrusions

The paragenesis, textures, and chemical compositions of magnetite in two mafic to intermediate intrusions and four IOA deposits in SE Missouri were studied to discriminate between igneous and hydrothermal sources. In this study, we found that replacement magnetite with mineral inclusion-rich cores yields erroneously high Ti, Al, Si, Mg, and Mn contents as determined by EMP and LA-ICP-MS due to rutile and silicate inclusions. Thus, identification of high-Ti microlites on the basis of inclusion-rich cores with high Ti contents is an analytical artefact. Since the high-Ti magnetite microlite flotation model is critically dependent on this type of analysis, it may be invalid. The presence of coarse-grained high-Ti vein magnetite with ilmenite lamellae enveloped by replacement magnetite with inclusion-rich cores in ore zones suggests that the veins were high-temperature conduits for low-temperature replacement ores. The trace element compositions of vein and replacement magnetite suggest that iron was sourced from mafic to intermediate intrusions. These results support a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for IOA systems in SE Missouri.

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USGS2018

Subterranean invasion by gapped ringed crayfish: Effectiveness of a removal effort and barrier installation

Non-native crayfish invasion is a major threat to many stream fauna; however, invasions in subterranean habitats are rarely documented. Our study objectives were to examine demographics and morphological and life-history traits of a gapped ringed crayfish Faxonius neglectus chaenodactylus population that invaded Tumbling Creek Cave and determine the effects of removal on the population. Crayfish were found throughout the cave though fewer individuals were observed upstream of an installed weir. Fecund females were collected in nearly all months, but were prevalent during spring (February–June). Males and females were of similar sizes. Males had larger chelae and chelae that were regenerated slightly more often than females. Removal of >4000 crayfish since 2011 resulted in reduced abundances, but the population persisted. Age estimates from counting bands on gastric mills indicated crayfish within the cave lived longer than populations in nearby Big Creek (6 vs. 4 years). Recent efforts to prevent upstream cave migrations included a barrier installation and since installation, few crayfish have been located upstream. We show that exploitation of new environments may lead to trait changes (i.e., reproduction and longevity). We also demonstrate that barriers reduce the spread of invasion at a comparable cost to removal. We hypothesize that increased reservoir elevation inundates springs hydrologically connected to the cave and this may be the invasion source.

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USGS2018

Remote sensing of bush honeysuckle in the Middle Blue River Basin, Kansas City, Missouri, 2016–17

Amur honeysuckle bush ( Lonicera maackii ) and Morrow’s honeysuckle ( Lonicera morrowii ) are two of the most aggressively invasive species to become established throughout areas along the Blue River in metropolitan Kansas City, Missouri. These two large, spreading shrubs (locally referred to as bush honeysuckle in the Kansas City metropolitan area) colonize the understory, crowd out native plants, and may be allelopathic, producing a chemical that restricts growth of native species. Removal efforts have been underway for more than a decade by local conservation groups such as Bridging The Gap and Heartland Conservation Alliance, who are concerned with the loss of native species diversity associated with the spread of bush honeysuckle. Bush honeysuckle produces leaves early in the spring before almost all other vegetation and retains leaves late in the fall after almost all other species have lost their leaves. Appropriately timed imagery can be used during early spring and late fall to map the extent of bush honeysuckle. Using multispectral imagery collected in February 2016 and true color aerial imagery collected in March 2016, a coverage map of bush honeysuckle was made to investigate the extent of bush honeysuckle in a study area along the middle reach of the Blue River in the Kansas City metropolitan area in Jackson County, Missouri. The coverage map was further classified into unlikely, low-, and high-density bush honeysuckle density at a 30-foot cell size. The unlikely density class correctly predicted the absence and approximate density of bush honeysuckle for 86 percent of the field-verification points, the low-density class predicted the presence and approximate density with 73-percent confidence, and the high-density class was predicted with 67-percent confidence.

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USGS2018

Evaluating flow management as a strategy to recover an endangered sturgeon species in the Upper Missouri River, USA

In the Upper Missouri River, Fort Peck and Garrison Dams limit the length of free‐flowing river available to the endangered pallid sturgeon. These barriers restrict the upstream migration of adults and downstream larval dispersal. A one‐dimensional (1D) modelling framework is currently in use to evaluate reservoir operation alternatives and to simulate drift of dispersing free embryos for different flow regimes and reservoir stages. This paper presents the results of a large‐scale tracer experiment conducted in 2016 and associated modelling performed to evaluate flow management scenarios that might aid species recovery. Breakthrough curves from the tracer experiment were used to infer the 1D longitudinal dispersion coefficient from a parameter optimization procedure. Simulations generated using the calibrated 1D advection–dispersion model were compared with field observations of the passive tracer and with larval fish collected during a previous experiment in 2007. When used with the appropriate range of dispersion coefficients, the 1D modelling framework agrees well with the available direct measurements of larval drift distances. Although we cannot unequivocally state whether insufficient length of free‐flowing river alone is causing recruitment failure, given the current thermal regime and our understanding of pallid sturgeon development, the time required for pallid sturgeon to transition to the benthos and initiate feeding might exceed the duration of drift available given constraints of reservoir operations.

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USGS2018

Use of real-time dust monitoring and surface condition to evaluate success of unpaved road treatments

Fugitive dust from unpaved roads creates human health hazards, degrades road surfaces, and increases the cost of road maintenance. As a result, many different chemical treatments are applied to unpaved roads in an attempt to control dust and stabilize the wearing course. However, investigations of the effectiveness of these treatments have often been poorly planned or executed. The objective of this study was to use a combination of real-time dust monitoring and objective road condition evaluations to assess the success of two chemical treatments for a period of 19?months post-application, to provide quantitative information in support of road management decisions. Dust production from road sections treated with calcium chloride-based durablend-C™ or the synthetic fluid EnviroKleen® was monitored on five dates using a vehicle-mounted particulate matter meter. Both products reduced dust by up to 99% relative to an untreated control section during the monitoring period, and quantitative data from the meter were consistent with qualitative observations of dust conditions. Linear models of dust production indicated that road treatment and humidity explained 69% of the variation in dust over time. Road sections treated with either product developed less rutting and fewer potholes than the untreated control. Overall, the combination of real-time dust monitoring and surface condition evaluation was an effective approach for generating quantitative data on endpoints of interest to road managers.

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USGS2018

Distribution of mining-related trace elements in streambed and flood-plain sediment along the middle Big River and tributaries in the Southeast Missouri Barite District, 2012–15

Lead mining first began in the Big River watershed during the 1700s. Lead was the primary metal mined throughout most of the 1700s and early 1800s and it continued to be mined until the mid-1900s. Barite mining began in the middle part of the watershed in the mid- to late 1800s. Although considerable attention has been given to concentrations of miningrelated trace elements (mostly cadmium, lead, and zinc) in the Big River and its tributaries draining the Old Lead Belt, there is less information regarding concentrations of mining-related trace elements in tributaries draining the Barite District in southeast Missouri, which is downstream from the Old Lead Belt, and the contribution of sediment transported from this district to trace elements in lower reaches of the Big River. The purpose of this report is to present results of an investigation of the distribution of mining-related trace elements in sediments in the middle reach of the Big River downstream from the Old Lead Belt and the Big River tributaries that drain a large part of the Barite District. In general, concentrations of cadmium and lead in streambed sediment were largest in samples from the Big River and smallest in Barite District tributary samples. Concentrations of zinc were somewhat similar in the Big River and Barite District tributaries; however, higher concentrations were present in upstream Big River site samples, as well as in samples from one site on Maddin Creek and at another site on Old Mines Creek that drains the Barite District. Barium concentrations were considerably larger in samples from Barite District tributaries compared to samples collected on the Big River. Samples collected downstream from the Barite District on the Big River had considerably larger barium concentrations than samples collected upstream from the Barite District. Flood-plain core samples were collected from 26 cores at 5 transect locations along tributaries in the Barite District. Of the individual 693 bulk (unsieved) samples from these cores analyzed by x-ray fluorescence, the probable effects concentration (PEC) values were exceeded for cadmium (PEC of 4.98 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg], 218 samples), lead (PEC of 128 mg/kg, 91 samples), nickel (PEC of 48.6 mg/kg, 45 samples), and zinc (PEC of 459 mg/kg, 77 samples). Of the 693 samples, 21 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency residential yard cleanup level of 400 mg/kg for lead; 19 of these were samples from a single transect near the mouth of Mineral Fork Creek where its flood plain joins the Big River flood plain. Shortly after the December 2015 flood on the Big River (the third largest flood along the river since the 1950s), 23 samples of fine sediment deposited from the flood were collected from the Big River flood plain upstream and downstream from the Barite District and several tributaries. Overall, the general pattern of barium, lead, and zinc concentrations in the 2015 flood sediment samples was similar to that observed in the streambed-sediment samples. Overall concentrations of barium were larger at Big River sites downstream from the Barite District, and cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations were generally similar or smaller at sites downstream from the Barite District when compared to sites upstream from the Barite District. These data indicate a substantial influx of barium from the Barite District into the Big River but only a minimal influx of cadmium, lead, and zinc.

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USGS2018

Diet and condition of age‐0 Scaphirhynchus Sturgeon: Implications for shallow‐water habitat restoration

Insufficient food during early life could limit the population growth of endangered Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River. Shallow‐water habitat restoration is intended to provide nursery benefits, including food, for young sturgeon, but the effect of shallow‐water habitat on their diet is unknown. Age‐0 Pallid Sturgeon are rare, providing little opportunity for direct evaluation; however, studying the closely related and abundant Shovelnose Sturgeon S. platorynchus may provide valuable information to guide habitat restoration efforts. We compared diet, body condition (lipid content), and change in body weight (24‐h bioenergetics simulation) for postdrift, age‐0 sturgeon among five reaches ranging widely in shallow‐water habitat availability. Lipid content of satiated and emaciated laboratory‐reared individuals were compared with that of wild‐caught fish. In general, shallow‐water habitat availability appeared to have little effect on the variables examined. Regardless of reach, wild‐caught fish primarily consumed chironomids, and empty stomachs were rare. Additionally, differences in prey weight, lipid content, or the modeled change in body weight did not usually correspond to differences in shallow‐water habitat availability. Instead, we found annual differences, as prey weight consumed and the percentage of fish with modeled weight gain was often higher in 2015 than 2014, while the opposite was true for the percentage of fish with lipid content values that were comparable with the emaciated laboratory standard. Overall, our findings complement recent suggestions that shallow‐water habitat restoration efforts, as previously implemented, may not benefit sturgeon populations. Our results coupled with previous research suggest that the lower Missouri River prey base can support a stable Shovelnose Sturgeon population; however, additional research is needed to determine whether this applies to Pallid Sturgeon.

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USGS2018

Intensive sampling reveals underreported use of great-river tributaries by large-river fishes in Missouri

Large tributaries may help sustain large-river fish populations by mitigating fish-habitat losses within the highly modified great rivers of the Mississippi River basin. These tributaries are likely most beneficial for fish species specializing on non-degraded large-river habitat for some portion of their life histories. Few great-river tributaries, however, have been surveyed using methods that comprehensively target all fish species, resulting in uncertainty or bias in the reported composition of many tributary fish assemblages. We report important distributional records, including 23 new accounts, for 12 large-river specialist fishes in Missouri —Alosa alabamae (Alabama Shad), Cycleptus elongatus (Blue Sucker), Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead Minnow), Notropis wickliffi (Channel Shiner), Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish), Hybognathus placitus (Plains Minnow), N. blennius (River Shiner), Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Shoal Chub), Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Shovelnose Sturgeon), M. storeriana (Silver Chub), Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Silver Lamprey), and Alosa chrysochloris (Skipjack Herring)—following 38 comprehensive fish surveys in tributaries of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. New accounts collectively demonstrate tributaries support more large-river specialists than historically documented and thus may be currently undervalued sources of habitat for large-river fishes.

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USGS2018

Quality of surface water in Missouri, Water Year 2016

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, designed and operates a series of monitoring stations on streams and springs throughout Missouri known as the Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network. During water year 2016 (October 1, 2015, through September 30, 2016), data presented in this report were collected at 71 stations: 69 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations and 2 U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Assessment Network stations. Among the 71 stations in this report, 4 stations have data presented for additional cooperative efforts with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature, suspended solids, suspended sediment, Escherichia coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved and total recoverable lead and zinc, and select pesticide compound summaries are presented for these 71 stations. The stations primarily have been classified into groups corresponding to the physiography of the State, primary land use, or unique station types. In addition, a summary of hydrologic conditions in the State including peak streamflows, monthly mean streamflows, and 7-day low flows is presented.

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USGS2018

Acute toxicity of sodium chloride and potassium chloride to a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) in water exposures

Freshwater mussels (order Unionoida) are one of the most imperiled groups of animals in the world. However, many ambient water quality criteria and other environmental guideline values do not include data for freshwater mussels, in part because mussel toxicity test methods are comparatively new and data may not have been available when criteria and guidelines were derived. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) to larvae (glochidia) and/or juveniles of a unionid mussel (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea ) and to determine the potential influences of water hardness (50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L as CaCO 3 ) and other major ions (Ca, K, SO 4 , or HCO 3 ) on the acute toxicity of NaCl to the mussels. From the KCl test, the 50% effect concentration (EC50) for fatmucket glochidia was 30 mg K/L, similar to or slightly lower than the EC50s for juvenile fatmucket (37–46 mg K/L) tested previously in our laboratory. From the NaCl tests, the EC50s for glochidia increased from 441 to 1597 mg Cl/L and the EC50s for juvenile mussels increased from 911 to 3092 mg Cl/L with increasing water hardness from 50 to 300 mg/L. Increasing K from 0.4 to 1.9 mg/L, SO 4 from 13 to 40 mg/L, or HCO 3 from 44 to 200 mg/L in the 50 mg/L hardness water did not substantially change the NaCl EC50s for juvenile mussels, whereas increasing Ca from 9.9 to 42 mg/L increased the EC50s by a factor of 2. The overall results indicate that glochidia were equally or more sensitive to NaCl and KCl compared with juvenile mussels and that the increased water hardness ameliorated the acute toxicity of NaCl to glochidia and juveniles. These responses rank fatmucket among the most acutely sensitive freshwater organisms to NaCl and KCl.

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USGS2018

Bathymetric contour map, surface area and capacity table, and bathymetric difference map for Clearwater Lake near Piedmont, Missouri, 2017

Clearwater Lake, on the Black River near Piedmont in Reynolds County, Missouri, was constructed in 1948 and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood-risk reduction, recreation, and fish and wildlife habitat. The lake area is about 1,800 acres with about 34 miles of shoreline at the conservation pool elevation of 498 feet. Since the completion of the lake in 1948, sedimentation likely has caused the storage capacity of the lake to decrease gradually. The loss of storage capacity can decrease the effectiveness of the lake to mitigate flooding, and excessive sediment accumulation also can reduce aquatic habitat in some areas of the lake. Many lakes operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have periodic bathymetric and sediment surveys to monitor the status of the lake. The U.S. Geological Survey completed one such survey of Clearwater Lake in 2008 during a period of high lake level using bathymetric surveying equipment consisting of a multibeam echosounder, a singlebeam echosounder, 1/3 arc-second National Elevation Dataset data (used outside the multibeam echosounder survey extent), and the waterline derived from 2008 aerial light detection and ranging (lidar) data. In May 2017, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, surveyed the bathymetry of Clearwater Lake to prepare an updated bathymetric map and a surface area and capacity table. The 2008 survey was contrasted with the 2017 survey to document the changes in the bathymetric surface of the lake.

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USGS2018

Hydrographic surveys of rivers and lakes using a multibeam echosounder mapping system

A multibeam echosounder is a type of sound navigation and ranging device that uses sound waves to “see” through even murky waters. Unlike a single beam echosounder (also known as a depth sounder or fathometer) that releases a single sound pulse in a single, narrow beam and “listens” for the return echo, a multibeam system emits a multidirectional radial beam to obtain information within a fan-shaped swath. The timing and direction of the returning sound waves provide detailed information on the depth of water and the shape of the river channel, lake bottom, or any underwater features of interest. This information has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey to efficiently generate high-resolution maps of river and lake bottoms.

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USGS2018

Compilation of new and previously published geochemical and modal data for Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri

The purpose of this report is to present recently acquired as well as previously published geochemical and modal petrographic data for igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri, as part of an ongoing effort to understand the regional geology and ore deposits of the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks of southeast Missouri, USA. The report includes geochemical data that is (1) newly acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey and (2) compiled from numerous sources published during the last fifty-five years. These data are required for ongoing petrogenetic investigations of these rocks. Voluminous Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains of southeast Missouri constitute the basement buried beneath Paleozoic sedimentary rock that is over 600 meters thick in places. The Mesoproterozoic rocks of southeast Missouri represent a significant component of approximately 1.4 billion-year-old (Ga) igneous rocks that crop out extensively in North America along the southeast margin of Laurentia and subsequent researchers suggested that iron oxide-copper deposits in the St. Francois Mountains are genetically associated with ca. 1.4 Ga magmatism in this region. The geochemical and modal data sets described herein were compiled to support investigations concerning the tectonic setting and petrologic processes responsible for the associated magmatism.

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USGS2018

Missouri StreamStats—A water-resources web application

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains and operates more than 8,200 continuous streamgages nationwide. Types of data that may be collected, computed, and stored for streamgages include streamgage height (water-surface elevation), streamflow, and water quality. The streamflow data allow scientists and engineers to calculate streamflow statistics, such as the 1-percent annual exceedance probability flood (also known as the 100-year flood), the mean flow, and the 7-day, 10-year low flow, which are used by managers to make informed water resource management decisions, at each streamgage location. Researchers, regulators, and managers also commonly need physical characteristics (basin characteristics) that describe the unique properties of a basin. Common uses for streamflow statistics and basin characteristics include hydraulic design, water-supply management, water-use appropriations, and flood-plain mapping for establishing flood-insurance rates and land-use zones. The USGS periodically publishes reports that update the values of basin characteristics and streamflow statistics at selected gaged locations (locations with streamgages), but these studies usually only update a subset of streamgages, making data retrieval difficult. Additionally, streamflow statistics and basin characteristics are most often needed at ungaged locations (locations without streamgages) for which published streamflow statistics and basin characteristics do not exist. Missouri StreamStats is a web-based geographic information system that was created by the USGS in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources to provide users with access to an assortment of tools that are useful for water-resources planning and management. StreamStats allows users to easily obtain the most recent published streamflow statistics and basin characteristics for streamgage locations and to automatically calculate selected basin characteristics and estimate streamflow statistics at ungaged locations.

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USGS2018

Biomarker responses of Peromyscus leucopus exposed to lead and cadmium in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District

Biomarker responses and histopathological lesions have been documented in laboratory mammals exposed to elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium. The exposure of white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) to these metals and the potential associated toxic effects were examined at three contaminated sites in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District and at a reference site in MO, USA. Mice from the contaminated sites showed evidence of oxidative stress and reduced activity of red blood cell δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). Histological examinations of the liver and kidney, cytologic examination of blood smears, and biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage failed to show indications of toxic effects from lead. The biomagnification factor of cadmium (hepatic concentration/soil concentration) at a site with a strongly acid soil was 44 times the average of the biomagnification factors at two sites with slightly alkaline soils. The elevated concentrations of cadmium in the mice did not cause observable toxicity, but were associated with about a 50% decrease in expected tissue lead concentrations and greater ALAD activity compared to the activity at the reference site. Lead was associated with a decrease in concentrations of hepatic glutathione and thiols, whereas cadmium was associated with an increase. In addition, to support risk assessment efforts, we developed linear regression models relating both tissue lead dosages (based on a previously published a laboratory study) and tissue lead concentrations in Peromyscus to soil lead concentrations.

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USGS2017

Diel habitat selection of largemouth bass following woody structure installation in Table Rock Lake, Missouri

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède) use of installed habitat structure was evaluated in a large Midwestern USA reservoir to determine whether or not these structures were used in similar proportion to natural habitats. Seventy largemouth bass (>380 mm total length) were surgically implanted with radio transmitters and a subset was relocated monthly during day and night for one year. The top habitat selection models (based on Akaike's information criterion) suggest largemouth bass select 2–4 m depths during night and 4–7 m during day, whereas littoral structure selection was similar across diel periods. Largemouth bass selected boat docks at twice the rate of other structures. Installed woody structure was selected at similar rates to naturally occurring complex woody structure, whereas both were selected at a higher rate than simple woody structure. The results suggest the addition of woody structure may concentrate largemouth bass and mitigate the loss of woody habitat in a large reservoir.

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