Make your own paper fossils; a computer animation and paper models
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Open-File Report↗
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Make your own paper fossils; a computer animation and paper models
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Open-File Report↗
Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry
Water, of varied qualities, is used for several purposes in the manufacture of pulp and paper, as a vehicle for transporting the constituents of paper in the paper machines; as process water for cooking wood chips to make pulp; as a medium for heat transfer; and for washing the pulpwood, the woodpulp, and the machines that handle the pulp. About 3,200 million gallons of water was withdrawn from surface- and ground-water sources each day during 1950 for the use of the pulp and paper industry. This is about 4 percent of the total estimated industrial withdrawal of water in the Nation The paper industry in the United States has been growing at a rapid rate. It has increased about tenfold in the last 50 years and has doubled every 15 years. The 1950 production of paper was about 24 million tons, which amounts to about 85 percent of the domestic consumption. In 1950, the pulp mills of the country produced more than 14 million tons of woodpulp, which supplied about 85 percent of the demand by the paper mills and other industries. The remainder of the fiber for paper manufacture was obtained from imported woodpulp, from reclaimed wastepaper, and from other fibers including rags and straw. The nationwide paper consumption for 1955 has been estimated at 31,700,000 tons. Woodpulp is classified according to the process by which it is made. Every woodpulp has characteristics that are carried over into the many and diverse grades of paper. Groundwood pulp is manufactured by simply grinding up wood and refining the resulting product. Soda, sulfite, and sulfate pulps are manufactured by chemically breaking down the lignin that cements the cellulose of the wood together and removing, cleaning, and sometimes bleaching the resulting fibers. Some woodpulp is produced by other methods. Sulfate-pulp mills are increasing in number and in rated daily capacity and are manufacturing more than half of the present domestic production of woodpulp. Most of the newer and larger woodpulp mills are manufacturing sulfate pulp; because of the antipollution laws, many sulfite-pulp mills are being converted to sulfate-pulp mills. The waste from the manufacture of a ton of sulfate pulp is much more readily disposed of than that from a ton of sulfite pulp. Pulp mills are located near the source of raw material, which means that they are located in the eastern half of the United States and in the Pacific Northwest. It is advantageous for paper mills to be located close to a market and therefore a large number of paper mills are in the northeastern section of the United States from Minnesota to Maine. However, much of the coarser paper, which will ship well, is produced close to the pulp mills. The entire process of making paper from pulpwood, with special reference to water use is briefly described to provide an understanding of how the water is used and reused.
Water Supply Paper↗
Comparative rice seed toxicity tests using filter paper, growth pouch-tm, and seed tray methods
Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptacle placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L −1 and Cd up to 20 mg L −1 . Using the seed tray method, IC 50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L −1 for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag and Cd were reduced by using the filter paper method; IC 50 values were 22 and 18 mg L −1 , respectively. The results clearly indicate that paper substrate is not advisable for PSTT.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment↗
Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1988-92
Selected Papers in the Hydrologic Sciences , a U.S. Geological Survey-managed journal-type publication in the Water-Supply Paper series, is aimed at meeting widespread public and professional needs for results of state-of-the-art broad-based hydrologic studies. The results of these studies are derived from integrated water-resource projects of the Federal research program, Federal-State cooperative program, and, to some extent, work done on behalf of other Federal agencies. This is the sixth issue of the series and consists of 18 topical papers that address a broad array of topics, including ground- and surface-water hydrology, hydrogeochemis-try, land use, and selected hydrologic, geologic, and climatologic techniques for Water-Resources studies. Selected Papers is intended to serve as a forum that encourages dialog between readers and authors. Participation in such dialog among hydroscientists within and outside the Federal sector would be beneficial. Discussion papers by all members of the hydroscience community are desired. A discussion section for readers' comments and authors' replies will be included in each issue. Such discussion papers for this issue will be open until December 1994,
Water Supply Paper↗
Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146
The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, will be summarized in four volumes of which this is the first. This volume includes 146 short papers on a variety of subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions of the Survey. These papers are of two kinds. Some are announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, which may or may not be described in greater detail subsequently. Others summarize conclusions drawn from more extensive or continuing investigations, which in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a· later date. Professional Papers 424-C and -D include additional short papers of the same character as those in the present volume. Professional Paper 424-A provides a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year.
Professional Paper↗
Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292
The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, is being summarized in four volumes. This volume includes 146 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the Survey. Some of these papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; the others draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a later date. Other volumes in the series are Professional Paper 424-A, which gives a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year, and Professional Papers 424-B and 424-D, which contain additional short papers like those in the present volume.
Professional Paper↗
Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography; articles 120-179
This collection of 60 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, topography, and related sciences is the third of a series to be released during the year as chapters of Professional Paper 450. The papers in this chapter report on the scientific and economic results of current work by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Topographic Divisions of the United States Geologicai Survey. Some of the papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; other papers draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be discussed in greater detail in reports to be published in the future. Chapter A of this series, to be published later in the year, will present a synopsis of results from a wide range of work done during the present fiscal year.
Professional Paper↗
Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography: Articles 180-239
This collection of 60 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, topography, and related sciences is the last of a series released as chapters of Professional Paper 450. The papers in this chapter report on the scientific and economic results of current work by members of the Conservation, Geologic, Topographic, and Water Resources Divisions of the United States Geological Survey. Some of the papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; other papers draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be discussed in greater detail in reports to be published in the future. Chapter A of this series presents a synopsis of results from a wide range of work done during the 1962 fiscal year.
Professional Paper↗
Identifying the decision to be supported: a review of papers from environmental modelling and software
Two of the basic tenets of decision support system efforts are to help identify and structure the decisions to be supported, and to then provide analysis in how those decisions might be best made. One example from wetland management would be that wildlife biologists must decide when to draw down water levels to optimise aquatic invertebrates as food for breeding ducks. Once such a decision is identified, a system or tool to help them make that decision in the face of current and projected climate conditions could be developed. We examined a random sample of 100 papers published from 2001-2011 in Environmental Modelling and Software that used the phrase “decision support system” or “decision support tool”, and which are characteristic of different sectors. In our review, 41% of the systems and tools related to the water resources sector, 34% were related to agriculture, and 22% to the conservation of fish, wildlife, and protected area management. Only 60% of the papers were deemed to be reporting on DSS. This was based on the papers reviewed not having directly identified a specific decision to be supported. We also report on the techniques that were used to identify the decisions, such as formal survey, focus group, expert opinion, or sole judgment of the author(s). The primary underlying modelling system, e.g., expert system, agent based model, Bayesian belief network, geographical information system (GIS), and the like was categorised next. Finally, since decision support typically should target some aspect of unstructured decisions, we subjectively determined to what degree this was the case. In only 23% of the papers reviewed, did the system appear to tackle unstructured decisions. This knowledge should be useful in helping workers in the field develop more effective systems and tools, especially by being exposed to the approaches in different, but related, disciplines. We propose that a standard blueprint for reporting on DSS be developed for consideration by journal editors to aid them in filtering papers that use the term, “decision support”.
Leipzig↗
Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1915: Part I. - metals and nonmetals except fuels
This volume is the thirteenth of a series that includes Bulletins 213, 225, 260, 285, 315, 340, 380, 430, 470, 530, 540, and 580, "Contributions to economic geology" for 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 (Pt. I), 1907 (Pt. I), 1908 (Pt. I), 1909 (Pt. I), 1910 (P t. I), 1911 (Pt. I) , 1912 (Pt. I), and 1913 (Pt. I), respectively . These bulletins are prepared primarily to insure prompt publication of the economic results of investigations made by the United States Geological Survey. Beginning with the present volume the year included in the title will be the year of publication 1 instead of the year in which the field work reported was done. This volume is therefore dated 1915, and there will be no volume entitled "Contributions to economic geology, 1914." As the subtitle indicates, the papers included are of two classes -(1) short papers giving comparatively detailed description of occurrences that have economic interest but are not of sufficient importance to warrant a more extended description; (2) preliminary reports on economic investigations the results of which are to be published later in more detailed form. These papers are such only as have a direct economic bearing, all topic of purely scientific interest being excluded. Each paper has been issued as an advance chapter as soon as it was ready. Brief abstracts of the publications of the year are given in the annual report of the Director. The complete list of Survey publications affords, by means of finding list of subjects and of authors, further aid in ascertaining the extent of the Survey's work in economic geology. Since 1905 the annual economic bulletin has been printed in two parts, the second part comprising paper on mineral fuels. These volumes for 1906, 1907, 190 , 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913 are Bulletins 316, 341, 381, 431, 471, 531, 541, and 581. Bulletin 621 forms Part II of the "Contributions" for 1915. The reports on work in Alaska have been printed in a separate series since 1904, the volume so far issued being Bulletins 259, 284, 314, 345, 379, 442, 480, 520, 542, 592, and 622.
Bulletin↗
Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels
The Geological Survey's "Contributions to economic geology" are published in two parts, one including papers on metals and nonmetals except fuels and the other including papers on mineral fuels. As the subtitle indicates, most of the papers in these volumes are of three classes (1) short papers describing as thoroughly as conditions will permit areas or deposits on which no other report is likely to be prepared; (2) brief notes on mining districts or economic deposits whose examination has been merely incidental to other work; and (3) preliminary reports on economic investigations the results of which are to be published later in more detailed form. Although these papers set forth mainly the practical results of economic investigations, they include brief theoretical discussions and summary statements of conclusions if these appear to require prompt publication.
Bulletin↗
Proceedings of a workshop on the development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria: A compilation of papers and discussions presented at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, December 8-12, 1986
The development of reliable habitat suitability criteria is critical to the successful implementation of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM), or any other habitat based evaluation technology. It is also a fascinating topic of research, for several reasons. First, the “science” of habitat quantification is relatively young. Descriptions of habitat use and partitioning can be traced back to Darwin, if not further. Attempts to actually quantify habitat use can be found predominantly during the last two decades, with most of the activity occurring in about the last five years. Second, this work is challenging because we are usually working with fish or some other organism that lives out of sight in an environment that is foreign to humans. Most of the data collection techniques that have been developed for standard fisheries work are unsuited, without modification, for criteria development. These factors make anyone involved in this type of research a pioneer, of sorts. Pioneers often make new and wonderful discoveries, but they also sometimes get lost. In our opinion, however, there is an even more rewarding aspect to criteria development research. It seems that the field of biology has tended to become increasingly clinical over the years. Criteria development demands the unobtrusive observation of organisms in their natural environment, a fact that allows the biological to be a naturalist and still get paid for it. The relative youth and importance of habitat quantification have resulted in rapid advancements in the state of the art. The expansion of methods is vividly demonstrated simply by comparing the two Instream Flow Information Papers written on the subject in 1978 and in 1986. One of the missions of the Aquatic Systems Branch (formerly the Instream Flow Group) is to serve as a clearinghouse for new techniques and methods. In keeping with this role, a workshop was conducted during December 1986 to discuss current and newly evolving methods for developing and evaluating habitat suitability criteria. Participation in this workshop was largely by invitation only. The objective was to obtain insights into problems and possible solutions to criteria development, from the perspective of professionals closely involved with the subject. These proceedings of that workshop are intended to supplement the information contained in Instream Flow Information Paper 21, "Development and Evaluation of Habitat Suitability Criteria for Use in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology." The workshop was closely arranged in five sessions, roughly following the outline of Information Paper 21. The first session dealt with various aspects of study design and how they can influence the outcome of a study. Session two investigated techniques for developing criteria from professional judgment, and some of the problems encountered when personal or agency prejudice enters the picture. Session three concentrated on field data collection procedures, whereas session four examined methods of converting field data into curves. Field verification studies were discussed in session five. Each presentation in the workshop was followed by a question and answer period of 15 to 30 minutes. These discussions were recorded, transcribed, and appended to the end of each paper in these proceedings. We have attempted to capture the essence of these discussions as accurately as possible, but hope that the reader can appreciate the difficulty in translating a free-ranging discussion (from a barely audible tape) to something that makes sense in print. These question and answer sessions constitute the peer review for each of the papers. This provides the reader with the unique opportunity to review the interactions between authors and reviewers.
Book↗
Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 293-435
The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, are summarized in 4 volumes. This volume includes 143 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions of the Survey. Some are announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, which may or may not be described in greater detail subsequently. Others summarize conclusions drawn from more extensive or continuing investigations, which in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a later date Professional Paper 424-A provides a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year. Professional Papers 424-B and 424-C contain additional short papers like those in the present volume.
Professional Paper↗
Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography; Articles 1-59: Geological Survey Research 1962
This collection of 59 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, topography, and related sciences is one of a, series to be relea~ed during the year as chapters of Professional Paper 450. The papers in this chapter report on the scientific and economic· results of current work by members of the Geologic, Topographic, and 'Vater Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey. Some of the pa.pers annom1ce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; other papers draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be discussed in greater detail in reports to be published in the future.
Professional Paper↗
American hydrogeology at the millennium: An annotated chronology of 100 most influential papers
Hydrogeology developed as scientists undertook activities to describe how a groundwater system functions to explain why it is that way, in order to solve practical problems of water supply. This paper demonstrates the evolutionary nature and growth of hydrogeology in the United States on the basis of a selection of one hundred papers that had a significant impact on subsequent activities. We have identified three revolutionary concepts that resulted directly from this evolutionary understanding and have selected papers that demonstrate important consequences. These three concepts are 1) that the mathematical expression for heat flow can be paraphrased for groundwater and used in transient flow conditions to determine aquifer characteristics; 2) that the distribution of fluid potential can be formulated in mathematical equations suitable for solution by various analytical techniques; and 3) that chemical thermodynamics can be applied to hydrogeologic systems in order to understand the processes controlling the chemical character of groundwater. One purpose of this paper is to encourage scientists to gain an additional dimension of satisfaction from their work by being aware of the contributions of those who went before them and to see how their own work fits into the current understanding of hydrogeology.
Hydrogeology Journal↗
Arctic delta processes: A computer animation and paper models
This report shows, by means of a computer animation and paper models, how deltas are affected by fresh and salt water currents, topography and location. The report is intended to help students and others visualize how ice shapes and forms a delta. By studying the animations and the paper models, students will come to understand why deltas have different shapes and different interior structures. The diskette version has an animation of arctic delta processes. While both the diskette and paper versions have teacher guide and paper models.
Open-File Report↗
Antarctic ice sheet; computer animations and paper model
This report illustrates, through computer animation and a paper model, why there are changes on the ice sheet that covers the Antarctica continent. By studying the animations and the paper model, students will better understand the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Included in the paper and diskette versions of this report are templates for making a paper-model, instructions for its assembly, and a discussion of development of the Antarctic ice sheet. In addition, the diskette version includes a animation of how Antarctica and its ice cover changes through time. Many people provided help and encouragement in the development of this HyperCard stack, particularly Page Mosier, Sue Priest and Art Ford. This report was enhanced by reviews from Bonnie Murchey, Peter Stauffer and Stephen Eittreim.
Open-File Report↗