Geologic map index of Minnesota Part B, 1953-1970
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The Lake of the Woods watershed is an area of about 2,900 square miles (7,500 km), the northern limit of which is part of the boundary between the United States and Canada. Drainage is to Lake of the Woods, either directly or by the Rainy River. The watershed includes about 470 square miles (1,220 km2) of Lake of the Woods, one-third of the lake’s total area. The watershed, a part of the plain of glacial Lake Agassiz, is an area of low relief and slopes generally northward. Details of topography may be obtained from U.S. Geological Survey 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps, as indexed. Surficial materials consist mainly of peat, lake-washed till, and beach deposits. Extensive wetlands typify much of the watershed. Bedrock is exposed in places near Lake of the Woods and the Rainy River. Except where cleared for cultivation, most of the watershed is covered by coniferous forests. Harvest of forest products, agriculture, and fishing are major economic activities. The 1970 population of the watershed was bout 6,600, concentrated chiefly along the Rainy River and the south shore of Lake of the Woods.
Effective and responsible management of water resources relies on a thorough understanding of the quantity and quality of available water; however, streamgages cannot be installed at every location where streamflow information is needed. Therefore, methods for estimating streamflow at ungaged stream locations need to be developed. This report presents a statewide study to develop methods to estimate the structure of historical daily streamflow at ungaged stream locations in Minnesota. Historical daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Minnesota can be estimated by transferring streamflow data at streamgages to the ungaged location using the QPPQ method. The QPPQ method uses flow-duration curves at an index streamgage, relying on the assumption that exceedance probabilities are equivalent between the index streamgage and the ungaged location, and estimates the flow at the ungaged location using the estimated flow-duration curve. Flow-duration curves at ungaged locations can be estimated using recently developed regression equations that have been incorporated into StreamStats ( http://streamstats.usgs.gov/ ), which is a U.S. Geological Survey Web-based interactive mapping tool that can be used to obtain streamflow statistics, drainage-basin characteristics, and other information for user-selected locations on streams.
A variety of glacial landforms (moraines, till plains, drumlin fields and outwash plains) characterized the 3,890-square mile Mississippi and Sauk Rivers watershed. Underlying the glacial drift are Cambrian and Precambrian sedimentary rocks in the southeastern part of the watershed and Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks elsewhere. Surface drainage is entirely to the Mississippi River, the largest tributary being the Sauk River, which drains an area of about 970 square miles. The Mississippi follows a regional topographic low and transects the watershed from north to south. Greatest relief is in the morainal area in the west-central part of the watershed. The outwash plain in the southeastern part of the watershed and associated terrace deposits along the Mississippi River form a large area of relatively low relief. Details of topography are shown on 7 ½ and 15’ U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle maps, as indexed. Agriculture is the major economic activity. Small communities are scattered throughout the watershed; most larger municipalities and related development are concentrated along the Mississippi River. Lakes and streams offer good recreational opportunities.