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USGS2004

Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model

Researchers have been coupling geographic information systems (GIS) data handling and processing capability to watershed and waterquality models for many years. This capability is suited for the development of databases appropriate for water modeling. However, it is rare for GIS to provide direct inputs to the models. To demonstrate the logical procedure of coupling GIS for model parameter extraction, we selected the Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) pollution model. Investigators can generate data layers at various resolutions and resample to pixel sizes to support models at particular scales. We developed databases of elevation, land cover, and soils at various resolutions in four watersheds. The ability to use multiresolution databases for the generation of model parameters is problematic for grid-based models. We used database development procedures and observed the effects of resolution and resampling on GIS input datasets and parameters generated from those inputs for AGNPS. Results indicate that elevation values at specific points compare favorably between 3- and 30-m raster datasets. Categorical data analysis indicates that land cover classes vary significantly. Derived parameters parallel the results of the base GIS datasets. Analysis of data resampled from 30-m to 60-, 120-, 210-, 240-, 480-, 960-, and 1920-m pixels indicates a general degradation of both elevation and land cover correlations as resolution decreases. Initial evaluation of model output values for soluble nitrogen and phosphorous indicates similar degradation with resolution. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.

Journal of Geographical Systems↗

USGS2000

Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids

We estimate the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas assuming that a crack-like structure is the source of LP events. The tails of synthetic waveforms obtained from a model of a fluid-driven crack are analyzed by the Sompi method to determine the complex frequencies of one of the modes of crack resonance over a wide range of the model parameters α/ a and ρ f /ρ s , where αis the P wave velocity of the rock matrix, a is the sound speed of the fluid, and ρ f and p s are the densities of the fluid and rock matrix, respectively. The quality factor due to radiation loss ( Q r ) for the selected mode almost monotonically increases with increasing α/ a , while the dimensionless frequency ( v ) of the mode decreases with increasing α/ a and ρ f /ρ s . These results are used to estimate Q and v for a crack containing various types of fluids (gas-gas mixtures, liquid-gas mixtures, and dusty and misty gases) for values of a , ρ f , and quality factor due to intrinsic losses ( Q i ) appropriate for these types of fluids, in which Q is given by Q −l = Q r −l + Q i −1 . For a crack containing such fluids, we obtain Q ranging from almost unity to several hundred, which consistently explains the wide variety of quality factors measured in LP events observed at various volcanoes. We underscore the importance of dusty and misty gases containing small-size particles with radii around 1 μm to explain long-lasting oscillations with Q significantly larger than 100. Our results may provide a basis for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events in terms of fluid compositions beneath volcanoes.

Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth↗

USGS1973

Oxidation during magmatic differentiation, Finnmarka Complex, Oslo area, Norway: Part 2, the mafic silicates

Electron-microprobe analyses are presented for pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite from monzonite, granodiorite, and granite at Finnmarka, Norway. Compositional trends measured in biotite, present in all three rock types, and in amphibole, present in the monzonite and granodiorite, are markedly atypical and are interpreted as reflecting crystallization under progressively more oxidizing conditions. The average Fe/Fe + Mg for biotites from successively more silicic rock types changes from 0.64 → 0.35 → 0.28, and for amphiboles changes from 0.58 in the monzonite to 0.29 in the granodiorite. Analyses of selected areas within amphibole grains in the granodiorite show marked chemical variations, although single-crystal X-ray photographs are sharp and do not reveal multiple phases. On the basis of 33 such analyses, four coupled substitutions are identified as operative; the most unusual finding is the relation of 1 Ti cation to 4 Al IV cations in the unit cell. Variations within individual amphibole grains of the granodiorite resemble changes noted in evolution of amphibole composition from monzonite to granodiorite and are interpreted as reflecting progressive oxidation. Consideration of these data for the mafic silicates, data for the opaque oxides, and the extensive formation of sphene in the granodiorite, has allowed development of schematic reactions and an overall picture of magmatic environment and evolution at Finnmarka. Crystallization apparently took place at PH 2 o of 1000 bars or less and a temperature of about 700 °C. The trend of oxidation during differentiation is more extreme than any heretofore reported. Amphiboles, as well as biotites, may participate in oxidation reactions and may reflect the oxidation-reduction processes that occurred during magmatic evolution.

Oslo↗

USGS2002

Does food availability affect energy expenditure rates of nesting seabirds? A supplemental-feeding experiment with Black-Legged Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla )

We used a supplemental-feeding experiment, the doubly labeled water technique, and a model-selection approach based upon the Akaike Information Criterion to examine effects of food availability on energy expenditure rates of Black-legged Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) raising young. Energy expenditure rates of supplementally fed females ( n = 14) and males ( n = 16) were 34 and 20% lower than those of control females ( n = 14) and males ( n = 18), respectively. Energy expenditure rates of females were more responsive to fluctuations in food availability than those of males. Fed males likely expended more energy while off the nest than fed females, possibly because of nest defense. Energy expenditure rates of fed kittiwakes were similar to values reported for kittiwakes that were either not raising young or not foraging. Parent kittiwakes, therefore, adjusted parental effort in response to variation in breeding conditions due to changes in food availability. Adjustments in reproductive effort in response to variable foraging conditions may have significant effects on the survival and productivity of individuals, and thus provide substantial fitness benefits for long-lived seabirds such as Black-legged Kittiwakes.

Canadian Journal of Zoology↗

USGS1982

Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of tylosin in selected avian species

Tissue and plasma concentrations and the biological half-life of tylosin in avian species of a variety of body sizes and metabolic rates were studied. The species chosen were eastern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus), pigeons (Columba livia), greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida), and emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). In the 1st phase of this study, tylosin was administered IM to quail, pigeons, and emus at a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg of body weight and to cranes at a dosage rate of 15 mg/kg. The average peak plasma concentrations of tylosin in quail, pigeons, cranes, and emus were 4.31, 5.63, 3.62, and 3.26 microgram/ml, respectively. These peak concentrations occurred at 0.5 to 1.5 hours after administration. The biological half-life of tylosin averaged 1.2 hours in quail, pigeons, and cranes, and was 4.7 hours in emus. In the 2nd phase of this study, tylosin concentrations in the tissues of quail, pigeons, and cranes were markedly higher than were plasma concentrations at corresponding sampling times. Six hours after antibiotic administration, tissue concentrations of tylosin in all species remained within the minimum inhibitory concentration for most pathogenic organisms. Dosage regimens of 25 mg of tylosin/kg 4 times daily for quail and pigeons, 15 mg/kg 3 times daily for cranes, and 25 mg/kg 3 times daily for emus would be needed to establish and maintain therapeutic tissue concentrations.

American Journal of Veterinary Research↗

USGS2021

Evaluation of connectivity among black bear populations in Georgia

Habitat fragmentation and loss contribute to isolation of wildlife populations and increased extinction risks for various species, including many large carnivores. We studied a small and isolated population of American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) that is of conservation concern in central Georgia, USA (i.e., central Georgia bear population [CGBP]). Our goal was to evaluate the potential for demographic and genetic interchange from neighboring bear populations to the CGBP. To evaluate resource selection and movement potential, we used 35,487 global positioning system locations collected every 20 minutes from 2012 to 2014 from 33 male bears in the CGBP. We then developed a step selection function model based on conditional logistic regression. Male bears chose steps that avoided crops, roads, and human developments and were closer to forests and woody wetlands than expected based on availability. We used a geographic information system to simulate 300 bear movement paths from nearby bear populations in northern Florida, northern Georgia, and southern Georgia to estimate the potential for immigration to the CGBP. Only 4 simulated movement paths from the nearby populations intersected the CGBP. The creation of a hypothetical 1-km-wide corridor between the southern Georgia population and the CGBP produced only minor improvements in interchange. Our findings suggest that demographic connectivity between the CGBP and surrounding bear populations may be limited, and coupled with previous works showing genetic isolation in the CGBP, that creation of corridors may have only marginal effects on restoring gene flow, at least in the near term. Management actions such as translocation and the establishment of stepping stone populations may be needed to increase the genetic diversity and demographic stability of bears in the CGBP. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

Florida Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina↗

USGS2011

The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) imaging spectrometer for lunar science: Instrument description, calibration, on‐orbit measurements, science data calibration and on‐orbit validation

The NASA Discovery Moon Mineralogy Mapper imaging spectrometer was selected to pursue a wide range of science objectives requiring measurement of composition at fine spatial scales over the full lunar surface. To pursue these objectives, a broad spectral range imaging spectrometer with high uniformity and high signal-to-noise ratio capable of measuring compositionally diagnostic spectral absorption features from a wide variety of known and possible lunar materials was required. For this purpose the Moon Mineralogy Mapper imaging spectrometer was designed and developed that measures the spectral range from 430 to 3000 nm with 10 nm spectral sampling through a 24 degree field of view with 0.7 milliradian spatial sampling. The instrument has a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 400 for the specified equatorial reference radiance and greater than 100 for the polar reference radiance. The spectral cross-track uniformity is >90% and spectral instantaneous field-of-view uniformity is >90%. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper was launched on Chandrayaan-1 on the 22nd of October. On the 18th of November 2008 the Moon Mineralogy Mapper was turned on and collected a first light data set within 24 h. During this early checkout period and throughout the mission the spacecraft thermal environment and orbital parameters varied more than expected and placed operational and data quality constraints on the measurements. On the 29th of August 2009, spacecraft communication was lost. Over the course of the flight mission 1542 downlinked data sets were acquired that provide coverage of more than 95% of the lunar surface. An end-to-end science data calibration system was developed and all measurements have been passed through this system and delivered to the Planetary Data System (PDS.NASA.GOV). An extensive effort has been undertaken by the science team to validate the Moon Mineralogy Mapper science measurements in the context of the mission objectives. A focused spectral, radiometric, spatial, and uniformity validation effort has been pursued with selected data sets including an Earth-view data set. With this effort an initial validation of the on-orbit performance of the imaging spectrometer has been achieved, including validation of the cross-track spectral uniformity and spectral instantaneous field of view uniformity. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper is the first imaging spectrometer to measure a data set of this kind at the Moon. These calibrated science measurements are being used to address the full set of science goals and objectives for this mission.

Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets↗

USGS2009

A biophysical model of Lake Erie walleye ( Sander vitreus ) explains interannual variations in recruitment

We used a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model to investigate how lake currents can affect walleye ( Sander vitreus ) recruitment in western Lake Erie. Four years were selected based on a fall recruitment index: two high recruitment years (i.e., 1996 and 1999) and two low recruitment years (i.e., 1995 and 1998). During the low recruitment years, the model predicted that (i) walleye spawning grounds experienced destructive bottom currents capable of dislodging eggs from suitable habitats (reefs) to unsuitable habitats (i.e., muddy bottom), and (ii) the majority of newly hatched larvae were transported away from the known suitable nursery grounds at the start of their first feeding. Conversely, during two high recruitment years, predicted bottom currents at the spawning grounds were relatively weak, and the predicted movement of newly hatched larvae was toward suitable nursery grounds. Thus, low disturbance-based egg mortality and a temporal and spatial match between walleye first feeding larvae and their food resources were predicted for the two high recruitment years, and high egg mortality plus a mismatch of larvae with their food resources was predicted for the two low recruitment years. In general, mild westerly or southwesterly winds during the spawning-nursery period should favour walleye recruitment in the lake.

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗

USGS1964

Management of predator populations with antifertility agents

The search for methods, other than lethal techniques, for controlling predatory animals causing economic losses to the livestock industry prompted investigation of antifertility agents to suppress reproduction. Diethylstilbestrol was selected for initial trials because of its demonstrated antifertility effect on rabbits, mink ( Mustela vison ), dogs, and cattle. In penned tests with stilbestrol, pregnancy was terminated in six coyotes ( C anis latrans ) fed a single 100-mg oral dose dissolved in tallow. A subsequent field trial was conducted in New Mexico on 20 townships, March 5-15, 1963. Five thousand (100 mg stilbestrol in ½ ounce of tallow) drop baits were placed wherever coyote sign was found. After a delay of 3 weeks to allow the drug to take effect, a collection of female tracts from the treated area and a reference area 25 miles away was made to measure and compare reproductive success. Of the 20 females in reproductive condition recovered from the treated area, only 4 had viable embryos, while reproduction was blocked in 16 specimens by failure of implantation or resorption of embryos. All of the 13 females in reproductive condition from the reference area would have produced pups as evidenced by viable embryos. Future tests are scheduled to determine effects on other species and to confirm results on coyotes under a variety of field conditions.

Journal of Wildlife Management↗

USGS2013

Bench-top validation testing of selected immunological and molecular Renibacterium salmoninarum diagnostic assays by comparison with quantitative bacteriological culture

No gold standard assay exhibiting error-free classification of results has been identified for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of salmonid bacterial kidney disease. Validation of diagnostic assays for R. salmoninarum has been hindered by its unique characteristics and biology, and difficulties in locating suitable populations of reference test animals. Infection status of fish in test populations is often unknown, and it is commonly assumed that the assay yielding the most positive results has the highest diagnostic accuracy, without consideration of misclassification of results. In this research, quantification of R. salmoninarum in samples by bacteriological culture provided a standardized measure of viable bacteria to evaluate analytical performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity and repeatability) of non-culture assays in three matrices (phosphate-buffered saline, ovarian fluid and kidney tissue). Non-culture assays included polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), direct smear fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), membrane-filtration FAT, nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and three real-time quantitative PCR assays. Injection challenge of specific pathogen-free Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), with R. salmoninarum was used to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Results did not identify a single assay demonstrating the highest analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics, but revealed strengths and weaknesses of each test.

Journal of Fish Diseases↗

USGS2006

Mechanical deformation model of the western United States instantaneous strain-rate field

We present a relationship between the long-term fault slip rates and instantaneous velocities as measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) or other geodetic measurements over a short time span. The main elements are the secularly increasing forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and Juan de Fuca (JdF) plates on the North American plate, viscoelastic relaxation following selected large earthquakes occurring on faults that are locked during their respective interseismic periods, and steady slip along creeping portions of faults in the context of a thin-plate system. In detail, the physical model allows separate treatments of faults with known geometry and slip history, faults with incomplete characterization (i.e. fault geometry but not necessarily slip history is available), creeping faults, and dislocation sources distributed between the faults. We model the western United States strain-rate field, derived from 746 GPS velocity vectors, in order to test the importance of the relaxation from historic events and characterize the tectonic forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and JdF plates. Relaxation following major earthquakes (M ??? 8.0) strongly shapes the present strain-rate field over most of the plate boundary zone. Equally important are lateral shear transmitted across the Pacific-North America plate boundary along ???1000 km of the continental shelf, downdip forces distributed along the Cascadia subduction interface, and distributed slip in the lower lithosphere. Post-earthquake relaxation and tectonic forcing, combined with distributed deep slip, constructively interfere near the western margin of the plate boundary zone, producing locally large strain accumulation along the San Andreas fault (SAF) system. However, they destructively interfere further into the plate interior, resulting in smaller and more variable strain accumulation patterns in the eastern part of the plate boundary zone. Much of the right-lateral strain accumulation along the SAF system is systematically underpredicted by models which account only for relaxation from known large earthquakes. This strongly suggests that in addition to viscoelastic-cycle effects, steady deep slip in the lower lithosphere is needed to explain the observed strain-rate field. ?? 2006 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2006 RAS.

Geophysical Journal International↗

USGS2017

Comparing efficiency of American Fisheries Society standard snorkeling techniques to environmental DNA sampling techniques

Analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging technique used to detect aquatic species through water sampling and the extraction of biological material for amplification. Our study compared the efficacy of eDNA methodology to American Fisheries Society (AFS) standard snorkeling surveys with regard to detecting the presence of rare fish species. Knowing which method is more efficient at detecting target species will help managers to determine the best way to sample when both traditional sampling methods and eDNA sampling are available. Our study site included three Navajo Nation streams that contained Navajo Nation Genetic Subunit Bluehead Suckers Catostomus discobolus and Zuni Bluehead Suckers C. discobolus yarrowi . We first divided the entire wetted area of streams into consecutive 100-m reaches and then systematically selected 10 reaches/stream for snorkel and eDNA surveys. Surface water samples were taken in 10-m sections within each 100-m reach, while fish presence was noted via snorkeling in each 10-m section. Quantitative PCR was run on each individual water sample in quadruplicate to test for the presence or absence of the target species. With eDNA sampling techniques, we were able to positively detect both species in two out of the three streams. Snorkeling resulted in positive detection of both species in all three streams. In streams where the target species were detected with eDNA sampling, snorkeling detected fish at 11–29 sites/stream, whereas eDNA detected fish at 3–12 sites/stream. Our results suggest that AFS standard snorkeling is more effective than eDNA for detecting target fish species. To improve our eDNA procedures, the amount of water collected and tested should be increased. Additionally, filtering water on-site may improve eDNA techniques for detecting fish. Future research should focus on standardization of eDNA sampling to provide a widely operational sampling tool.

Arizona, New Mexico↗

USGS2026

Environmental relationships with Silver Carp population ecology across the Mississippi River basin

Objective Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix are of special concern to fisheries management agencies across the Mississippi River basin, but effective control of the species is challenging. Our objectives were to (1) identify spatial and environmental patterns among key Silver Carp demographic rates that could be exploited by removal programs and (2) develop predictive models of Silver Carp demographic rates using readily available environmental data that could potentially be used to quantify population ecology without expending the resources to conduct population assessments. Methods We collected Silver Carp from six rivers within the lower Mississippi River subbasin (i.e., Arkansas, Cache, Mississippi, St. Francis, White, and Yazoo rivers) and compiled raw data from populations in the upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River subbasins to estimate demographic rates (i.e., growth, mortality, and recruitment variability). We compared the demographic rates among subbasins and between main stems and tributaries using standard nonparametric tests. We used information-theoretic model selection to evaluate relationships among demographic rates, environmental conditions, and invasion stage. Results In general, lower Mississippi River subbasin populations exhibited faster growth and lower mortality than did those from the upper Mississippi River subbasin. Populations in main-stem rivers did not differ from those in tributaries. More established populations in warmer, free-flowing rivers (e.g., White River) generally experienced faster growth, lower mortality, and more stable recruitment than less established populations in cooler, impounded rivers (e.g., Illinois River). Conclusions The results indicated that variability in Silver Carp populations was related to environmental conditions and invasion stage. Our results suggested that the effectiveness of removal programs might be improved by targeting populations in warm hydrologically variable rivers, as they may have increased reproduction capacities and emigration rates. The equations provided here may be used to estimate population demographics for Silver Carp and help determine their potential sensitivity to management actions, without expending the resources that are required to collect population-specific biological data.

Mississippi River basin↗

USGS2005

Anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with an assessment of impacts on survival

We anesthetized and blood sampled wild big brown bats ( Eptesicus fuscus ) in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA) in 2001 and 2002 and assessed effects on survival. Inhalant anesthesia was delivered into a specially designed restraint and inhalation capsule that minimized handling and bite exposures. Bats were immobilized an average of 9.1±5.1 (SD) min (range 1–71, n =876); blood sample volumes averaged 58±12 μl (range 13–126, n =718). We randomly selected control (subject to multiple procedures before release) and treatment (control procedures plus inhalant anesthesia and 1% of body weight blood sampling) groups in 2002 to assess treatment effects on daily survival over a 14-day period for adult female and volant juvenile bats captured at maternity roosts in buildings. We monitored survival after release using passive integrated transponder tag detection hoops placed at openings to selected roosts. Annual return rates of bats sampled in 2001 were used to assess long-term outcomes. Comparison of 14-day maximum-likelihood daily survival estimates from control (86 adult females, 92 volant juveniles) and treated bats (187 adult females, 87 volant juveniles) indicated no adverse effect from anesthesia and blood sampling (juveniles: χ 2 =22.22, df=27, P >0.05; adults: χ 2 =9.72, df=18, P >0.05). One-year return rates were similar among adult female controls (81%, n =72, 95% confidence interval [CI] =70–91%), females treated once (82%, n =276, 95% CI=81–84%), and females treated twice (84%, n =50, 95% CI=74–94%). Lack of an effect was also noted in 1-yr return rates of juvenile female controls (55%, n =29, 95% CI=37–73%), juveniles treated once (66%, n =113, 95% CI=58–75%), and juveniles treated twice (71%, n =17, 95% CI=49–92%). These data suggest that anesthesia and blood sampling for health monitoring did not measurably affect survival of adult female and volant juvenile big brown bats.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases↗

USGS1978

P-Wave to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients for wedge corners; model experiments

An analytic solution is not available for the diffraction of elastic waves by wedges; however, numerical solutions of finite-difference type are available for selected wedge angles. The P- to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients at wedge tips have been measured on two-dimensional seismic models for stress-free wedges with wedge angles, ??0, of 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120??. The conversion coefficients show two broad peaks and a minimum as a function of the angle between the wedge face and the direction of the incident P-wave. The minimum occurs for the P wave incident parallel to the wedge face and one maximum is near an incidence angle of 90?? to the wedge face. The amplitude of this maximum, relative to the other, decreases as the wedge angle increases. The asymmetry of the conversion coefficients, CPR(??; ??0), relative to parallel incidence (?? = 0) increases as the wedge angle increases. The locations of the maxima and the minimum as well as the asymmetry can be explained qualitatively. The conversion coefficients are measured with an accuracy of ??5% in those regions where there are no interfering waves. A comparison of the data for the 10?? wedge with the theoretical results for a half plane (0?? wedge) shows good correlation. ?? 1978.

Journal of Computational Physics↗

USGS1998

Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado

Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions of the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resources potential for coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resource potential of coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.

International Journal of Coal Geology↗

USGS2026

Physiological impacts of sublethal Cyathocotyle bushiensis and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus infections in captive Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)

Thousands of Lesser Scaup ( Aythya affinis ) die annually in the Upper Mississippi River System, USA, from intestinal infections after birds consume exotic faucet snails, Bithynia tentaculata , infected with introduced parasites, Cyathocotyle bushiensis and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus . To date, the low frequency (biannual) and magnitude of mortality events from intestinal infections likely prevents trematode mortalities from being a major contributor to Lesser Scaup population declines. However, questions remain regarding the role sublethal infections may have on Lesser Scaup fitness along with the potential for carryover effects in the following breeding season. We examined the impact of a single sublethal C. bushiensis and S. pseudoglobulus infection on select physiological parameters in Lesser Scaup over a 10-day period post inoculation through three trials, each involving three experimental groups: baseline control, trial control, and treatment ( n = 96 scaup). We found that male Lesser Scaup that were in better body condition before the trial had fewer C. bushiensis and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus recovered from their intestines at necropsy. Individuals with the highest numbers of C. bushiensis and S. pseudoglobulus in their intestines lost the largest amounts of body mass during the trial. We found that blood urea nitrogen and triglycerides were lower when C. bushiensis and S. pseudoglobulus were present. Triglycerides and glucose declined from Day 0 to Day 5 but stabilized on Day 10 of the trial. Our results highlight changes in physiological metrics in Lesser Scaup from a sublethal infection with C. bushiensis and S. pseudoglobulus under experimental conditions. Changes in Lesser Scaup health parameters indicated that scaup surviving a single sublethal trematode infection may have reduced body condition, which could lead to negative health implications in the following breeding season.

Wilson Journal of Ornithology↗

USGS2019

Determination of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol glucuronide in edible fillet tissue of rainbow trout and channel catfish by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is a pesticide used for the selective control of sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus ) in stream and river tributaries of the Great Lakes. To determine concentrations of TFM and TFM glucuronide in the edible fillet tissue of fish during sea lamprey control treatments, an analytical method was developed to determine the concentrations of these residues in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ; RBT) and channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatis ; CCF). Homogenized fillets were extracted with methanol–water (80 + 20). TFM and TFM glucuronide were isolated from coextractives by C 18 solid-phase extraction. TFM glucuronide was hydrolyzed to TFM by the addition of β-glucuronidase to the TFM glucuronide extract. The extracts were analyzed separately by liquid chromatography with UV–visible detection. Recoveries from TFM-fortified CCF and RBT tissues were 84.1 and 96.1%, respectively. The method detection limits (MDLs) are 2.4 ng/g for TFM-fortified tissues of CCF and 3 ng/g for those of RBT. Recoveries were 78.8 and 77%from TFM glucuronide-fortified CCF and RBT tissues, respectively. The MDLs for TFM glucuronide-fortified tissues are 3.5 and 6.9 ng/g for CCF and RBT, respectively.

Journal of AOAC International↗