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Search indexed USGS publications on groundwater, aquifers, geologic maps, mineral resources and earthquakes. Explore source records by subject and place.

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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
USGS1959

A Summary interpretation of geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical data for Yucca Valley, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada

This report summarizes an interpretation of the geology of Yucca Valley to depths of about 2,300 feet below the surface, the characteristics features of ground water in Yucca and Frenchman Valleys, and the seismic, gravity, and magnetic data for these valleys. Compilation of data, preparation of illustrations, and writing of the report were completed during the period December 26, 1958 to January 10, 1959. Some of the general conclusions must be considered as tentative until more data are available. This work was done by the U.S. Geological Survey on behalf of Albuquerque Operations Office, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Nevada↗
USGS1979

Hydrologic and related data for water-supply planning in an intensive-study area, northeastern Wichita County, Kansas

Data are presented that result from an intensive geohydrologic study for water-supply planning in a 12-square-mile area in northeastern Wichita County, Kansas. These data include records of wells, test drilling, chemical analyses, ground-water levels, rainfall, soilmoisture, well yield, solar radiation, crop yield, and crop acreage. Data indicate that water levels in the unconsolidated aquifer are declining at an average annual rate of about 1 to 2 feet per year (1950-78). This decline is the aquifer's response to pumping by irrigation wells for watering corn, wheat, grain sorghum, and other crops.

Kansas↗
USGS1989

Assessment of hydrologic and hydrogeologic data at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, North Carolina

The Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base occupies 164 square miles in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, including 30 square miles of the New River estuary that bisects the Base. As much as 1,500 feet of unconsolidated or partly consolidated sand, limestone, silt, and clay beds that contain seven aquifers separated by six confining units underlie the Base. Freshwater is present in aquifers to a depth of about 300 feet in the area and is the principal water-supply source for the Base. Ground-water withdrawn for the military and civilian population of about 68,000 at the Base increased from about 4 million gallons per day in 1941 to more than 7 million gallons per day in 1986. In the last decade, water demand has not increased substantially; however, certain wells have been discontinued, and new wells have been drilled in different locations. Well-acceptance tests indicate an average specific capacity of 6.3 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown for 33 wells finished in the Castle Hayne aquifer. Estimates of transmissivity based on estimated specific capacities that were adjusted to represent full aquifer penetration, ranged from 4,300 to 24,500 feet squared per day and had an average of 10,200 feet squared per day; the average estimated hydraulic conductivity is 35 feet per day. Records for more than 160 wells indicate that the average water-supply well at the Base has a depth of 162 feet, a casing diameter of 8 inches, about 37 feet of well screen, and a yield of 174 gallons per minute. Ground-water level naturally fluctuates as much as 4 feet seasonally, but effects of pumping on water-level fluctuations are much greater, depending on the rate of pumping and proximity to production wells. Natural ground-water discharge from the Castle Hayne aquifer is to the New River and the Atlantic Ocean. The hydraulic gradient in the Castle Hayne aquifer is 5 to 15 feet per mile in areas unaffected by pumping and is as much as 200 feet per mile within major pumping centers. Estimated velocities of ground-water movement range from 0.06 to 16 feet per day. The specific conductance of water in wells ranged from 251 to 1,213 microsiemens per centimeter. Wells that contained water with specific conductance values greater than 800 microsiemens per centimeter are suspected of being affected by saltwater. Freshwater bearing deposits consist of two aquifers: the surficial aquifer and Castle Hayne aquifer. Clay beds within the Castle Hayne aquifer are less than 30 feet thick, are discontinuous, and comprise between 15 and 24 percent of the aquifer. Additional test holes are needed to fully describe the hydrogeologic framework in the central and southwestern parts of the study area. Observation wells are needed in the beach areas of the Base and near the Air Station.

North Carolina↗
USGS2012

Hydrologic and water-quality data at Government Canyon State Natural Area, Bexar County, Texas, 2002-10

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Edwards Aquifer Authority, and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, collected rainfall, streamflow, evapotranspiration, and stormflow water-quality data at the Laurel Canyon Creek watershed, within the Government Canyon State Natural Area, Bexar County, Tex. The purpose of the data collection was to support evaluations of the effects of brush management conservation practices on components of the hydrologic budget and water quality. One component of brush management was to take endangered wildlife into consideration, specifically the golden-cheeked warbler ( Dendroica chrysoparia ). Much of the area that may have been considered for brush management was left intact to protect habitat for the golden-cheeked warbler. The area identified for brush management was approximately 10 percent of the study watershed. The hydrologic data presented here (2002–10) represent pre- and post-treatment periods, with brush management treatment occurring from winter 2006–07 to spring 2008.

Texas↗
USGS1982

Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in Mississippi, August 1981

The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Mississippi Bureau of Geology is conducting a hydrologic data-collection program in potential lignite-producing areas in Mississippi. During the period August 24-31, 1981, hydrologic data consisting of channel characteristics and stream discharge were collected at 18 sites, and water and channel bottom material samples were collected at 15 sites on small streams draining potential lignite mining areas in east-central Mississippi. Main channel widths ranged from 100 feet on Mill Creek near Louisville to 30 feet on Spring Creek near Bond. Maximum water depths varied from 12.5 feet on Pawticfaw Creek to 0.2 foot on Beasha Creek. Three sites had no discharge. Specific conductance ranged from 100 micromhos on Lonsilocher Canal near Philadelphia to 24 micromhos on Jofuska Creek near Arlington. Water temperatures varied from 22.5 to 26 degrees Celsius. The highest pH was 7.6 on Fulton and Lonsilocher Canals. The dissolved oxygen concentration was 3.8 milligrams per liter or higher at all sites. Channel bottom-material samples commonly contained iron, manganese, and zinc. (USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS2014

Simulation of the effects of rainfall and groundwater use on historical lake water levels, groundwater levels, and spring flows in central Florida

The urbanization of central Florida has progressed substantially in recent decades, and the total population in Lake, Orange, Osceola, Polk, and Seminole Counties more than quadrupled from 1960 to 2010. The Floridan aquifer system is the primary source of water for potable, industrial, and agricultural purposes in central Florida. Despite increases in groundwater withdrawals to meet the demand of population growth, recharge derived by infiltration of rainfall in the well-drained karst terrain of central Florida is the largest component of the long-term water balance of the Floridan aquifer system. To complement existing physics-based groundwater flow models, artificial neural networks and other data-mining techniques were used to simulate historical lake water level, groundwater level, and spring flow at sites throughout the area. Historical data were examined using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and other exploratory analysis techniques to assess their suitability for more intensive data-mining analysis. Linear trend analyses of meteorological data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at 21 sites indicate 67 percent of sites exhibited upward trends in air temperature over at least a 45-year period of record, whereas 76 percent exhibited downward trends in rainfall over at least a 95-year period of record. Likewise, linear trend analyses of hydrologic response data, which have varied periods of record ranging in length from 10 to 79 years, indicate that water levels in lakes (307 sites) were about evenly split between upward and downward trends, whereas water levels in 69 percent of wells (out of 455 sites) and flows in 68 percent of springs (out of 19 sites) exhibited downward trends. Total groundwater use in the study area increased from about 250 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 1958 to about 590 Mgal/d in 1980 and remained relatively stable from 1981 to 2008, with a minimum of 559 Mgal/d in 1994 and a maximum of 773 Mgal/d in 2000. The change in groundwater-use trend in the early 1980s and the following period of relatively slight trend is attributable to the concomitant effects of increasing public-supply withdrawals and decreasing use of water by the phosphate industry and agriculture. On the basis of available historical data and exploratory analyses, empirical lake water-level, groundwater-level, and spring-flow models were developed for 22 lakes, 23 wells, and 6 springs. Input time series consisting of various frequencies and frequency-band components of daily rainfall (1942 to 2008) and monthly total groundwater use (1957 to 2008) resulted in hybrid signal-decomposition artificial neural network models. The final models explained much of the variability in observed hydrologic data, with 43 of the 51 sites having coefficients of determination exceeding 0.6, and the models matched the magnitude of the observed data reasonably well, such that models for 32 of the 51 sites had root-mean-square errors less than 10 percent of the measured range of the data. The Central Florida Artificial Neural Network Decision Support System was developed to integrate historical databases and the 102 site-specific artificial neural network models, model controls, and model output into a spreadsheet application with a graphical user interface that allows the user to simulate scenarios of interest. Overall, the data-mining analyses indicate that the Floridan aquifer system in central Florida is a highly conductive, dynamic, open system that is strongly influenced by external forcing. The most important external forcing appears to be rainfall, which explains much of the multiyear cyclic variability and long-term downward trends observed in lake water levels, groundwater levels, and spring flows. For most sites, groundwater use explains less of the observed variability in water levels and flows than rainfall. Relative groundwater-use impacts are greater during droughts, however, and long-term trends in water levels and flows were identified that are consistent with historical groundwater-use patterns. The sensitivity of the hydrologic system to rainfall is expected, owing to the well-drained karst terrain and relatively thin confinement of the Floridan aquifer system in much of central Florida. These characteristics facilitate the relatively rapid transmission of infiltrating water from rainfall to the water table and contribute to downward leakage of water to the Floridan aquifer system. The areally distributed nature of rainfall, as opposed to the site-specific nature of groundwater use, and the generally high transmissivity and low storativity properties of the semiconfined Floridan aquifer system contribute to the prevalence of water-level and flow patterns that mimic rainfall patterns. In general, the data-mining analyses demonstrate that the hydrologic system in central Florida is affected by groundwater use differently during wet periods, when little or no system storage is available (high water levels), compared to dry periods, when there is excess system storage (low water levels). Thus, by driving the overall behavior of the system, rainfall indirectly influences the degree to which groundwater use will effect persistent trends in water levels and flows, with groundwater-use impacts more prevalent during periods of low water levels and spring flows caused by low rainfall and less prevalent during periods of high water levels and spring flows caused by high rainfall. Differences in the magnitudes of rainfall and groundwater use during wet and dry periods also are important determinants of hydrologic response. An important implication of the data-mining analyses is that rainfall variability at subannual to multidecadal timescales must be considered in combination with groundwater use to provide robust system-response predictions that enhance sustainable resource management in an open karst aquifer system. The data-driven approach was limited, however, by the confounding effects of correlation between rainfall and groundwater use, the quality and completeness of the historical databases, and the spatial variations in groundwater use. The data-mining analyses indicate that available historical data when used alone do not contain sufficient information to definitively quantify the related individual effects of rainfall and groundwater use on hydrologic response. The knowledge gained from data-driven modeling and the results from physics-based modeling, when compared and used in combination, can yield a more comprehensive assessment and a more robust understanding of the hydrologic system than either of the approaches used separately.

Florida↗
USGS1981

Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in Mississippi, August 1980

The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Mississippi Bureau of Geology is conducting a hydrologic data-collection program in the potential lignite-producing areas in Mississippi. During the week of August 25-28, 1980, hydrologic data on channel characteristics were collected at 15 sites on small streams draining potential lignite mining areas in east-central Mississippi. Streamflow measurements were made and water-quality samples were collected at 11 of the 15 sites. Main channel widths at the 15 sampling sites in east-central Mississippi ranged from 126 feet on Sucarnoochee Creek to 15 feet on Houston Creek. Maximum water depth ranged from 7 feet on Pawticfaw Creek and Tallahatta Creek to one-half foot on Okatibbee Creek. The maximum stream discharge measured was 56 cubic feet per second on Pawticfaw Creek. Four sites had no discharge. Specific conductance at sampling sites ranged from 115 micromhos on Ponta Creek to 26 micromhos on Sucarnoochee Creek. The dissolved-oxygen concentration was 5.7 milligrams per liter or higher at all sites. The concentration of suspended sediment was not greater than 38 milligrams per liter at any site. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate were less than 10 milligrams per liter in all samples, but were highest at site 10 on Ponta Creek. Bottom-material samples commonly contained iron, manganese, and zinc.

Mississippi↗
USGS2012

Data visualization, time-series analysis, and mass-balance modeling of hydrologic and water-quality data for the McTier Creek watershed, South Carolina, 2007-2009

The McTier Creek watershed is located in the headwaters of the Edisto River Basin, which is in the Coastal Plain region of South Carolina. The Edisto ecosystem has some of the highest recorded fish-tissue mercury concentrations in the United States. In an effort to advance the understanding of the fate and transport of mercury in stream ecosystems, the U.S. Geological Survey, as part of its National Water-Quality Assessment Program, initiated a field investigation of mercury in the McTier Creek watershed in 2006. The initial efforts of the investigation included the collection of extensive hydrologic and water-quality field data, along with the development of several hydrologic and water-quality models. This series of measured and modeled data forms the primary source of information for this investigation to assess the fate and transport of mercury within the McTier Creek watershed.

South Carolina↗
USGS1982

Data management system for USGS/USEPA urban hydrology studies program

A data management system was developed to store, update, and retrieve data collected in urban stormwater studies jointly conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 11 cities in the United States. The data management system is used to retrieve and combine data from USGS data files for use in rainfall, runoff, and water-quality models and for data computations such as storm loads. The system is based on the data management aspect of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and was used to create all the data files in the data base. SAS is used for storage and retrieval of basin physiography, land-use, and environmental practices inventory data. Also, storm-event water-quality characteristics are stored in the data base. The advantages of using SAS to create and manage a data base are many with a few being that it is simple, easy to use, contains a comprehensive statistical package, and can be used to modify files very easily. Data base system development has progressed rapidly during the last two decades and the data managment system concepts used in this study reflect the advancement made in computer technology during this era. Urban stormwater data is, however, just one application for which the system can be used. (USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS2007

Aquatic Community, Hydrologic, and Water-Quality Data for Apopka, Bugg, Rock, and Wekiva Springs, Central Florida, 1931-2006

This report summarizes aquatic community, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected or compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for Apopka, Bugg, Rock, and Wekiva springs from October 1, 2005 to September 30, 2006. Aquatic community data are summarized for quarterly collections of benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes collected during one sampling event per spring. Hydrologic data for each spring were compiled from the USGS, St. Johns River Water Management District, and a private landowner. Water-quality data collected by the USGS consisted of quarterly psysicochemical, chlorophyll-a, and pheophytin-a measurements; water-quality data were collected on the same days that the benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled.

Open-File Report↗