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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
USGS2018

Comparing growth and body condition of indoor-reared, outdoor-reared, and direct-released juvenile Mojave desert tortoises

Desert tortoise populations have declined, and head-starting hatchlings in captivity until they are larger and older — and presumably more likely to survive — is one strategy being evaluated for species recovery. Previous studies have reared hatchlings in outdoor, predator-proof pens for 5–9 years before release, in efforts to produce hatchlings in excess of 100–110 mm midline carapace length that are believed to be predation-resistant. We began a comparative study to evaluate indoor-rearing to shorten this rearing period by facilitating faster initial growth. We assigned 70 neonates from the 2015 hatching season to three treatment groups: 1) indoor-reared (n = 30), 2) outdoor-reared (n = 20), and 3) direct-release (n = 20). Direct-release hatchlings were released shortly after hatching in September 2015 and monitored 1–2x per week with radio telemetry. We head-started the indoor- and outdoor-reared treatment groups for 7 mo before releasing them in April 2016. Indoor-reared tortoises were fed 5x per week (Sep–Mar). Outdoor-reared tortoises had access to native forage and were given supplemental water and food once per week while active before winter dormancy. Indoor-reared tortoises grew >16x faster than direct-release tortoises and >8x faster than outdoor-reared tortoises. However, indoor-reared tortoises weighed less and had softer shells than comparatively sized older (3–4 year-old) tortoises raised outdoors. Increasing the duration of the indoor-rearing period or incorporating a combination of both indoor and later outdoor husbandry may increase shell hardness among head-starts, while retaining the growth-promoting effect of indoor rearing and shortening overall captivity duration.

California↗
USGS2020

Comparing husbandry techniques for optimal head-starting of the Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Mojave Desert Tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ) populations continue to decline throughout their range. Head-starting—the captive rearing of offspring to a size where they are presumably more likely to survive post-release—is being explored as a potential recovery tool. Previous Desert Tortoise head-starting programs have reared neonates exclusively outdoors. Here, we explore using a combination of indoor and outdoor captive rearing to maximize post-release success and rearing efficiency. We assigned 68 neonates (2016 cohort) to one of two treatments: Outdoor HS (n = 38), where neonates were reared exclusively in outdoor predator-proof enclosures, and Combo HS (n = 30), where neonates were reared indoors for 1 y followed by outdoor rearing for 1 y. After 2 y of captive rearing, we randomly selected 24 Outdoor HS and 24 Combo HS juveniles for release in the Mojave National Preserve, CA on 25 September 2018. We compare pre-release size, body condition, and shell hardness as well as first year post-release movement and survival between the treatment groups. Pre-release body condition was not significantly different between groups. Outdoor HS tortoises, however, were significantly smaller and had significantly softer shells than Combo HS tortoises. Excluding two missing animals, released head-starts experienced 78.2% survival through their first year after release. Combo HS tortoises on average dispersed significantly shorter distances after 1 y than Outdoor HS animals. Our findings that Combo HS animals were larger and had harder shells at release, and exhibited high survival but low dispersal following release, support the implementation of combination head-starting as part of the recovery effort for the Mojave Desert Tortoise.

California↗
USGS2020

Efficacy and biases of cover object survey design for sampling eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) at forest edge and interior locations

Terrestrial salamanders are adapted to moist, cool microenvironments that facilitate cutaneous respiration and decrease risk of desiccation. Warmer, drier microenvironments may induce habitat use changes by salamanders to alleviate stressful microenvironmental conditions. Changes in salamander habitat use may bias population metrics when sampling occurs in areas with different microenvironmental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine whether Plethodon cinereus (Eastern Red-backed Salamander) exhibit surface cover object refugia preferences or occupancy rate differences at sampling locations with different microenvironmental conditions and with respect to sampling day of year. We assessed P. cinereus occupancy rates and preference of surface cover refugia using artificial and natural cover objects in two sampling locations: forests along rights-of-way (EDGEFOR) and interior forests (INTFOR). Plethodon cinereus showed no preference for cover object type (coverboards, logs, and rocks) in either EDGEFOR or INTFOR sampling plots. Occupancy rates were greater under cover objects in INTFOR plots than EDGEFOR plots. Occupancy rates increased with increasing cover object width and decreased with day of year (spring-late summer) irrespective of cover object type or sampling location. Our study suggests that incorporating multiple cover object types into study designs will not incur bias resulting from preference of P. cinereus for cover objects.

West Virginia↗
USGS2022

Factors influencing the use of water-filled tree cavities by eastern ratsnakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)

For some animals, specific microhabitats may be particularly important for certain behaviors and/or age or sex classes. Here we explore the use of previously unrecognized retreat sites (water-filled tree cavities) by Eastern Ratsnakes ( Pantherophis alleghaniensis ). During 4 y of radio telemetry, approximately half of the 45 ratsnakes monitored used water-filled cavities. Typically, water-filled cavities (phytotelmata) were in live Laurel Oaks ( Quercus laurifolia ) and Black Cherry ( Prunus serotina ) where limbs had broken off, internal wood had rotted, and water accumulated. Water-filled cavities were used by ratsnakes at about the same frequency as tree stumps but less frequently than snags, brushpiles, or downed logs. Snakes remained in water-filled cavities for an average of 10 d compared to only 2–4 d in other structures. Reproductive females (both pre- and post-egg laying) were four times more likely to use water-filled cavities than non-gravid or male ratsnakes, suggesting cavities are used to offset water loss associated with gestation. Ratsnakes used water-filled cavities far more in summer than spring even though thermal profiles of cavities were similar to those of other retreat structures, indicating their use was not for thermoregulation. Multiple snakes often used cavities simultaneously, suggesting that cavities are either limited or facilitate social interaction. Snakes did not use artificial water-filled cavities, suggesting that natural sites may provide snakes with some unknown benefit beyond hydration. Water-filled cavities appear to be important for ratsnakes, particularly reproductive females, and warrant further investigation.

South Carolina↗
USGS2021

Evaluating hydrophones for detecting underwater-calling frogs

Amphibians are declining and disappearing worldwide at an alarming rate, emphasizing the need for accurate surveys to document the distribution and abundance of this imperiled taxon. Automated recorders are a powerful tool for surveyors to continuously monitor for calling amphibians. However, we are discovering that many species of frog call when submerged underwater making it challenging if not impossible for terrestrial observers to use microphones to detect them. Here, we conducted two field experiments to assess the efficacy of hydrophones for detecting underwater frog calls. The first was designed to directly compare detection probability of underwear frog calls by hydrophones, microphones, and human observers. The second was to evaluate the wetland characteristics that most influenced the detection distance of hydrophones. We found that hydrophones were 30 times more likely to detect underwater calls relative to microphones and 8.5 times more likely relative to human observers. Hydrophones detected underwater frog calls emitted 65 m away and performed best when water was deep (> 50 cm) and there were few submerged obstacles (i.e. logs) present. Hydrophones may be an important tool for herpetologists to survey for a suite of frog species known to vocalize underwater and as more practitioners use hydrophones the list of underwater-calling frogs is certain to grow.

New York↗
USGS2021

An updated assessment of status and trend in the distribution of the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) in Oregon, USA

Conservation efforts need reliable information concerning the status of a species and their trends to help identify which species are in most need of assistance. We completed a comparative evaluation of the occurrence of breeding for Cascades Frog ( Rana cascadae ), an amphibian that is being considered for federal protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Specifically, in 2018–2019 we resurveyed 67 sites that were surveyed approximately 15 y prior and fit occupancy models to quantify the distribution of R. cascadae breeding in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Furthermore, we conducted a simulation exercise to assess the power of sampling designs to detect declines in R. cascadae breeding at these sites. Our analysis of field data combined with our simulation results suggests that if there was a decline in the proportion of sites used for R. cascadae breeding in Oregon, it was likely a < 20% decline across our study period. Our results confirm that while R. cascadae detection probabilities are high, methods that allow the sampling process to be explicitly modeled are necessary to reliably track the status of the species. This study demonstrates the usefulness of investing in baseline information and data quality standards to increase capacity to make similar comparisons for other species in a timeframe that meet the needs of land managers and policy makers.

Oregon↗
USGS2024

Hiding in plain sight: Federally protected Ringed Map Turtles (Graptemys oculifera) found in a new river system

Understanding the geographical range of a species is essential to successful conservation and management, but their ranges are not always fully known. Ringed Map Turtles (Graptemys oculifera) have been federally listed as a Threatened species since 1986, and they have long been considered endemic to the Pearl River system of central Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana, USA. Based on a 2021 citizen scientist observation, a new G. oculifera population was discovered in the Bogue Falaya, a river system that is west of and isolated from the Pearl River system. Genetic analyses of 23 individuals from the Bogue Falaya demonstrate their genetic distinctiveness relative to sites in the Pearl River, suggesting it is a natural rather than introduced population. Therefore, G. oculifera should no longer be considered endemic to the Pearl River system, and this Bogue Falaya population of G. oculifera may warrant the designation of a distinct population segment under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. A thorough assessment of the distribution, abundance, and conservation threats to the Bogue Falaya population of G. oculifera as well as surveys of surrounding systems could help to inform future management actions. This discovery of a long-time federally protected species in the city limits of Covington, Louisiana, documents how citizen scientists can advance scientific knowledge.

Louisiana↗
USGS2023

Eastern Indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) shelter site use In peninsular Florida, USA, and implicatIons for habItat conservatIon

Shelters are critical for many species as protection from predators and extreme temperatures. Successful conservation of reptiles requires understanding both shelter site requirements and availability. The Eastern Indigo Snake (EIS; Drymarchon couperi ) is endemic to the southeastern U.S. and is federally listed. Recovery has focused on maximizing unfragmented landscapes, with less attention on fine-scale features such as shelter sites. In the northern EIS range, Gopher Tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) burrows are used extensively for shelter. Although EIS in peninsular Florida often shelter in tortoise burrows, they also use other shelters where tortoise burrows are scarce or absent. Solely focusing EIS survey and management efforts where Gopher Tortoises are present may overlook occupied habitats and misallocate resources. We investigated the importance of different shelter sites in central Florida using data from radio-tracked EIS. We modeled the use of shelter categories as a function of sex, season, and habitat using Bayesian multinomial Generalized Linear Models. Results showed that EIS in peninsular Florida used Gopher Tortoise burrows across all seasons and habitats. Tortoise burrow use was highest in xeric habitats and lowest in mesic habitats where burrows are most and least abundant, respectively. There was less variability in shelter site use in disturbed habitats and flatwoods. Tortoise burrow use by EIS in the cool season across sexes and habitats in our study was much lower than in southern Georgia. Our results indicate that EIS are less dependent on Gopher Tortoise burrows in peninsular Florida and that suitable habitats with few or no tortoise burrows could still provide conservation value for EIS.

Florida, Georgia↗
USGS2025

Experimental evaluation of Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) detectability in visual search surveys

Understanding how detection probability varies over time, space, or in response to measurable covariates is important to inform the monitoring and assessment of many species. A standard model to understand detectability, the availability/perception model, admits that detection probability is the composite of two components: availability and ability of surveyors to detect the target. Availability is largely affected by environmental and behavioral factors, whereas perception is primarily affected by attributes of individual observers and survey protocols, and thus can potentially be partially controlled by survey design. We designed and implemented a field study to understand the perception component of detection for Eastern Box Turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina ) using visual encounter surveys. We obtained and deployed museum specimens of Eastern Box Turtle shells and subjected them to visual search surveys by observers in realistic field situations. Overall, about 50% of the box turtle shells were detected by observers, including 41.5% in what we categorized as partially visible and 63.0% as fully visible. There were significant differences among observers, which may be due to observer-specific variation in search technique; the observers varied in how well they achieved the protocol guidance. Therefore, in visual search surveys, care in study design and analysis should be taken to account for variation in perception to determine detectability, as our study suggests 37% of perceptible targets are missed by surveyors.

Maryland↗
USGS2026

Line transect distance sampling and genetic analyses reveal a small but genetically diverse coastal Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) population

Gopher Tortoises inhabit coastal systems, including barrier islands, across the southeastern U.S. St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge is an uninhabited barrier island located off the coast of northwestern Florida. Although tortoises have been observed on the island, no information is available on the status of the population. We conducted a line transect distance sampling survey to evaluate the Gopher Tortoise population on St. Vincent Island. Additionally, we collected samples for genetic analyses from 11 individual tortoises captured opportunistically and via bucket traps on the island and 15 tortoises captured at nearby mainland sites. Surveys covered approximately 43% of the sampling frame and resulted in 55 burrows, 28 of which were occupied. The abundance estimate for the island was 52 tortoises (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27–100) and the density was relatively low at 0.071 tortoises/ha (95% CI = 0.037–0.136). Genetic analyses of two mtDNA markers identified a new haplotype unique to St. Vincent Island and another three haplotypes previously found across the southeastern U.S. The genetic composition of Gopher Tortoises on St. Vincent Island is representative of the entire southeastern U.S. but most closely aligns with tortoise populations east of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee River system. Although the tortoise population on this island is small, the extent of seemingly appropriate habitat on the island and the genetic diversity of the population suggests the potential for growth with added management intervention.

Florida↗
USGS2026

Amphibian use of recently created wetlands in the Palouse region of northern Idaho, USA

Human development has resulted in the loss of natural wetlands in many regions and thus has led to amphibian habitat loss. Human-constructed wetlands are increasingly prevalent, particularly in human-modified landscapes, and can be used as breeding habitats by amphibians. It is important to identify factors influencing amphibian use of constructed wetlands to guide future wetland creation efforts. We examined wetland- and landscape-level factors influencing the presence and reproduction of native amphibians in 33 recently created (2–11 yold) wetlands within an urban-agricultural interface in northern Idaho, USA. We recorded wetland age, perimeter vegetation, and percentage of surrounding land cover as covariates and modeled detection and occupancy using Bayesian Multi-scale Occupancy Models for the three species we detected: Sierran Treefrog ( Pseudacris sierra ), Colombia Spotted Frog ( Rana luteiventris ), and Long-Toed Salamander ( Ambystoma macrodactylum ). Our results indicate that these three species can rapidly colonize recently created wetlands in an urban-agricultural interface. The effects of wetland- and landscape-scale features varied across species. Colombia Spotted Frog occupancy was greatest in older wetlands with some evidence for a negative association with more urbanized landscapes. Long Toed Salamanders and Sierran Treefrogs were not associated with wetland age but also showed some evidence of negative associations with urbanization. Long-Toed Salamanders showed evidence of using less vegetated wetlands while Sierran Treefrogs showed evidence of using more vegetated wetlands. Our results are consistent with multiple studies showing that wetlands in human-modified landscapes can provide amphibian breeding habitat, and they suggest that including vegetation plantings within recently created wetlands may promote amphibian colonization. Anecdotal observations also indicate that designing wetlands with sufficient hydroperiod for metamorphoses may be important for ensuring that newly created wetlands benefit amphibian populations.

Idaho↗
USGS2013

Adventures on the roof of the world

T o conduct field biology requires tenacity, grit, and flexibility; to endeavor to achieve conservation success requires patience, persistence, and passion. The essence of field biology and the hope for conservation success are both reflected admirably in George B. Schaller's most recent book, Tibet Wild: A Naturalist's Journeys on the Roof of the World . I can think of no living biologist who embodies these characteristics more than Schaller does. Nearly 80 years old, he still regularly treks in faraway lands, observing and recording the natural history of species that the vast majority of us will never see in the wild. Schaller is a vanguard, and Tibet Wild , like his other books, is a sentinel of urgent conservation need.

BioScience↗
USGS2010

Global research priorities for sea turtles: Informing management and conservation in the 21st century

Over the past 3 decades, the status of sea turtles and the need for their protection to aid population recovery have increasingly captured the interest of government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the general public worldwide. This interest has been matched by increased research attention, focusing on a wide variety of topics relating to sea turtle biology and ecology, together with the interrelations of sea turtles with the physical and natural environments. Although sea turtles have been better studied than most other marine fauna, management actions and their evaluation are often hindered by the lack of data on turtle biology, human–turtle interactions, turtle population status and threats. In an effort to inform effective sea turtle conservation a list of priority research questions was assembled based on the opinions of 35 sea turtle researchers from 13 nations working in fields related to turtle biology and/or conservation. The combined experience of the contributing researchers spanned the globe as well as many relevant disciplines involved in conservation research. An initial list of more than 200 questions gathered from respondents was condensed into 20 metaquestions and classified under 5 categories: reproductive biology, biogeography, population ecology, threats and conservation strategies.

Endangered Species Research↗
USGS2023

Genetic diversity and IUCN Red List status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is an important and widely used tool for conservation assessment. The IUCN uses information about a species’ range, population size, habitat quality and fragmentation levels, and trends in abundance to assess extinction risk. Genetic diversity is not considered, although it affects extinction risk. Declining populations are more strongly affected by genetic drift and higher rates of inbreeding, which can reduce the efficiency of selection, lead to fitness declines, and hinder species’ capacities to adapt to environmental change. Given the importance of conserving genetic diversity, attempts have been made to find relationships between red-list status and genetic diversity. Yet, there is still no consensus on whether genetic diversity is captured by the current IUCN Red List categories in a way that is informative for conservation. To assess the predictive power of correlations between genetic diversity and IUCN Red List status in vertebrates, we synthesized previous work and reanalyzed data sets based on 3 types of genetic data: mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites, and whole genomes. Consistent with previous work, species with higher extinction risk status tended to have lower genetic diversity for all marker types, but these relationships were weak and varied across taxa. Regardless of marker type, genetic diversity did not accurately identify threatened species for any taxonomic group. Our results indicate that red-list status is not a useful metric for informing species-specific decisions about the protection of genetic diversity and that genetic data cannot be used to identify threat status in the absence of demographic data. Thus, there is a need to develop and assess metrics specifically designed to assess genetic diversity and inform conservation policy, including policies recently adopted by the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Conservation Biology↗
USGS2015

Defining conservation targets on a landscape-scale

Conservation planning, the process of deciding how to protect, conserve, enhance and(or) minimize loss of natural and cultural resources, is a fundamental process to achieve conservation success in a time of rapid environmental change. Conservation targets, the measurable expressions of desired resource conditions, are an important tool in biological planning to achieve effective outcomes. Conservation targets provide a focus for planning, design, conservation action, and collaborative monitoring of environmental trends to guide landscape-scale conservation to improve the quality and quantity of key ecological and cultural resources. It is essential to have an iterative and inclusive method to define conservation targets that is replicable and allows for the evaluation of the effectiveness of conservation targets over time. In this document, we describe a process that can be implemented to achieve landscape-scale conservation, which includes defining conservation targets. We also describe what has been accomplished to date (September 2015) through this process for the Peninsular Florida Landscape Conservation Cooperative (PFLCC).

Florida↗
USGS2025

A case for assemblage-level conservation to address the biodiversity crisis

Traditional conservation efforts have centred on safeguarding individual species, but these strategies have limitations in a world where entire ecosystems are rapidly changing. Ecosystem conservation can maintain critical ecological functions, but often lacks the detail necessary for the effective conservation of threatened or endangered species. The conservation of such species is mandated by policies and remains a dominant focus of natural resource management. In this Perspective, we propose that assemblage-level conservation targeting groups of taxonomically related or functionally similar species can bridge the gap between species and ecosystems and help to address global biodiversity loss. This approach has previously been limited by data and methodological constraints, but the ongoing growth of biodiversity data, advances in ecological modelling and breakthroughs in computational power have now made effective assemblage-level conservation feasible. Community models provide insights at both the species level and the assemblage level while appropriately accounting for species variability in detection during sampling and uncertainty in biological inferences. Assemblage-level conservation can link both species-specific needs and broader ecological dynamics, ultimately enabling effective strategies for conserving threatened species, ecological communities and ecosystem functions.

Nature Reviews Biodiversity↗
USGS2015

Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments

Natural perchlorate (ClO 4 − ) is of increasing interest due to its wide-spread occurrence on Earth and Mars, yet little information exists on the relative abundance of ClO 4 − compared to other major anions, its stability, or long-term variations in production that may impact the observed distributions. Our objectives were to evaluate the occurrence and fate of ClO 4 − in groundwater and soils/caliche in arid and semi-arid environments (southwestern United States, southern Africa, United Arab Emirates, China, Antarctica, and Chile) and the relationship of ClO 4 − to the more well-studied atmospherically deposited anions NO 3 − and Cl − as a means to understand the prevalent processes that affect the accumulation of these species over various time scales. ClO 4 − is globally distributed in soil and groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions on Earth at concentrations ranging from 10 −1 to 10 6 μg/kg. Generally, the ClO 4 − concentration in these regions increases with aridity index, but also depends on the duration of arid conditions. In many arid and semi-arid areas, NO 3 − and ClO 4 − co-occur at molar ratios (NO 3 − /ClO 4 − ) that vary between ∼10 4 and 10 5 . We hypothesize that atmospheric deposition ratios are largely preserved in hyper-arid areas that support little or no biological activity (e.g. plants or bacteria), but can be altered in areas with more active biological processes including N 2 fixation, N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and microbial ClO 4 − reduction, as indicated in part by NO 3 − isotope data. In contrast, much larger ranges of Cl − /ClO 4 − and Cl − /NO 3 − ratios indicate Cl − varies independently from both ClO 4 − and NO 3 − . The general lack of correlation between Cl − and ClO 4 − or NO 3 − implies that Cl − is not a good indicator of co-deposition and should be used with care when interpreting oxyanion cycling in arid systems. The Atacama Desert appears to be unique compared to all other terrestrial locations having a NO 3 − /ClO 4 − molar ratio ∼10 3 . The relative enrichment in ClO 4 − compared to Cl − or NO 3 − and unique isotopic composition of Atacama ClO 4 − may reflect either additional in-situ production mechanism(s) or higher relative atmospheric production rates in that specific region or in the geological past. Elevated concentrations of ClO 4 − reported on the surface of Mars, and its enrichment with respect to Cl − and NO 3 − , could reveal important clues regarding the climatic, hydrologic, and potentially biologic evolution of that planet. Given the highly conserved ratio of NO 3 − /ClO 4 − in non-biologically active areas on Earth, it may be possible to use alterations of this ratio as a biomarker on Mars and for interpreting major anion cycles and processes on both Mars and Earth, particularly with respect to the less-conserved NO 3 − pool terrestrially.

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta↗
USGS2024

Resilient riverine social–ecological systems: A new paradigm to meet global conservation targets

The United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity set forth the 30 × 30 target, an agenda for countries to protect at least 30% of their terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas by 2030. With <6 years to reach that goal, riverine conservation professionals are faced with the difficult decision of prioritizing which rivers or river segments should be conserved (protected and/or restored). While incorporating resilience into conservation planning is essential for enhancing, restoring, and maintaining the vital riverine ecosystem services (ES) most threatened by climate change and other environmental and human stresses, this paradigm is at odds with traditional conservation approaches that are either opportunistic or reactionary, where only unique and highly visible ecosystems have been prioritized. Barriers to implementing resilience-based riverine conservation planning include: (1) difficulties in conceptualizing and quantifying resilience; (2) insufficient consideration of the social components of riverine systems; (3) the inapplicability of terrestrial-only conservation models to aquatic systems; and (4) the traditional ad hoc and opportunistic approach to conservation. To overcome these barriers, we propose a resilience-based riverine conservation framework that includes: (1) assessing riverine resilience using indicator frameworks; (2) considering rivers as dynamically coupled social–ecological systems; (3) explicitly incorporating terrestrial–aquatic network connectivity into conservation decision-making; and (4) strategic systems planning using a novel resilience–conservation matrix as a tool. This framework has the potential to transform conservation practices around the globe to more effectively protect river systems and enhance their resilience to climate change and human development.

WIREs Water↗