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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources

USGS1996

Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.

The ichnogenus Beaconichnus (Gevers 1973), an arthropod trace fossil, includes very different forms that comprise five ichnospecies, namely B. darwi‐nunt (Gevers 1971), B. gouldi (Gevers 1971), B. ahtarcticum (Gevers 1971), B. giganteum Gevers and Twomey 1982, and B. wrrighti Gevers and Twomey 1982. The original diagnosis of Beaconichnus is rather vague and potentially may accommodate virtually every arthropod trackway described from the fossil record. In view of these problems, the validity of Beaconichnus is reassessed and each of its ichnospecies is reviewed. We conclude that B. darwinum is a junior synonym of Diplopodichnus biformis Brady 1947; B. antarcticum should be regarded as Palmich‐niunt antarcticum; and B. wrighti is a nomen nudum. Additionally, we agree with previous proposals in considering B. gouldi as the senior synonym of B. giganteum , and including it in Diplichnites Dawson 1873. Therefore, we suggest that the ichnogenus Beaconichnus is best disregarded. Additionally, we describe specimens collected from the Late Carboniferous Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) of eastern Kansas, ascribed herein to Diplopodichnus biformis and Diplichnites gouldi , which include examples of intergradations between both ichnotaxa, and provide synonymy lists for both ichnospecies.

Kansas↗

USGS1997

A unique Middle Ordovician K-bentonite bed succession at Röstånga, S. Sweden

An approximately 8.5 m thick sequence of upper Viruan (upper Middle Ordovician) shales, mudstones, and limestones in an outcrop at Kyrkbäcken near Röstånga in W‐central Skåne contains 19 K‐bentonite beds, several of which are as much as 40–67 cm thick. Thirteen of these beds are in the upper part of the Sularp Fm., four in the Skagen Fm., and two questionable beds in the Mossen Fm. Evidence from macrofossils, chitinozoans, and conodonts are used for biostratigraphic age assessment of the K‐bentonite succession. Regional comparison of the sequence with those at Kinnekulle (Kullatorp), Koängen, and Tommarp suggests that its total stratigraphie thickness is smaller than those at the two former sites but the thicknesses of several of the Kyrkbacken ash beds are greater than those in similar stratigraphic positions in the other successions. The K‐bentonites at Kyrkbacken have a similar clay mineralogy and major and trace element composition as other Ordovician K‐bentonites, and these data indicate that the parental magma was of felsic, probably rhyolitic composition. Based on amphibole geoba‐rometry, the magma chamber is interpreted to have been at a depth of 14–20 km. The relatively large number of unusually thick ash beds of Middle Ordovician age makes the easily accessible Kyrkbäcken outcrop unique not only in Baltoscandia but, as far as we are aware, also on the entire northern hemisphere, and only one comparable exposure is known in the southern hemisphere, namely in the Precordillera of northern Argentina.

GFF↗

USGS2018

Validating the use of object-based image analysis to map commonly-recognized landform features in the United States

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) seeks to i) create semantically-accessible terrain features from the pixel-based 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) data, and ii) enhance the usability of the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) by associating boundaries with GNIS features whose spatial representation is currently limited to 2D point locations. Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) was determined to be a promising method to approach both goals. An existing GEOBIA workflow was modified and the resulting segmented objects and terrain categories tested for a strategically chosen physiographic province in the mid-western US, the Ozark Plateaus. The chi-squared test of independence confirmed that there is significant overall spatial association between terrain categories of the GEOBIA and GNIS feature classes. Contingency table analysis also suggests strong category-specific associations between select GNIS and GEOBIA classes. However, 3D visual analysis revealed that GEOBIA objects resembled segmented regions more than they did individual landform objects, with their boundaries often failing to correspond to match what people would likely perceive as landforms. Still, objects derived through GEOBIA can provide initial baseline landscape divisions that can improve the efficiency of more specialized feature extraction methods.

Cartography and Geographic Information Science↗

USGS1991

Great lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (glemeds) in colonial fish-eating birds: Similarity to chick-edema disease

Several species of colonial fish-eating birds nesting in the Great Lakes basin Includ-ing herring gulls, common terns and double-crested cormorants, have exhibited chronic impairment of reproduction. In addition to eggshell thinning caused by high levels of DDT and metabolites, the reproductive impairment is characterized by high embryonic and chick mortality , edema, growth retardation, and deformities, hence the name Great Lakes embryo mortality , edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS). The hypothesis has been advanced that GLEMEDS in colonial fish-eating birds resembles chick-edema disease of poultry and has been caused by exposure to chick- edema active compounds that have a common mode of action through the cytochrome P-448 system. Detailed evidence has been collected from the following three groups of studies on herring gulls in the lower Great Lakes during the early 1970s; Forster’s terns in Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1983; and double-crested cormorants and Caspian terns in various locations in the upper Great Lakes from 1986 onwards. It has proved difficult to establish not only the onset of the disease in the various species at various locations but also the period in which chick-edema active compounds were released. Anecdotal evidence suggested that serious egg mortality . © 1988 by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,↗

USGS2007

Biogeographic affinity helps explain productivity-richness relationships at regional and local scales

The unresolved question of what causes the observed positive relationship between large-scale productivity and species richness has long interested ecologists and evolutionists. Here we examine a potential explanation that we call the biogeographic affinity hypothesis, which proposes that the productivity-richness relationship is a function of species' climatic tolerances that in turn are shaped by the earth's climatic history combined with evolutionary niche conservatism. Using botanical data from regions and sites across California, we find support for a key prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that the productivity-species richness relationship differs strongly and predictably among groups of higher taxa on the basis of their biogeographic affinities (i.e., between families or genera primarily associated with north-temperate, semiarid, or desert zones). We also show that a consideration of biogeographic affinity can yield new insights on how productivity-richness patterns at large geographic scales filter down to affect patterns of species richness and composition within local communities. ?? 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.

Conference Paper↗

USGS1993

Early Proterozoic ties between two suspect terranes and the Mojave crustal block of the Southwestern U.S

Southern California and adjacent areas contain two suspect or exotic terranes comprised largely of ancient continental crust, namely the Tujunga (San Gabriel) and Joshua Tree terranes, that have been considered part of a larger displaced terrane, the Santa Lucia-Orocopia allochthon. Paleomagnetic data for the allochthon indicate northward transport in excess of 2000 km and, thus, an origin extraneous to North America. However, Early Proterozoic plutons of the Mojave crustal block and the Joshua Tree and Tujunga terranes have strikingly comparable features, including: (1) crystallization ages of 1.63 to 1.68 Ga; (2) biotite + sphene + magnetite hornblende garnet mineralogy; (3) high LIL and enriched HFS elemental composition; (4) WPG (within-plate granite) trace element chemistry; (5) similar and unique oxygen isotopic compositions; and (6) distinct Pb and Nd isotopic signatures. These features of the Mojave block, which clearly originated as part of native North America, nevertheless distinguish it from crust elsewhere in North America. On the basis of data presented here, we conclude that the Tujunga terrane is a disrupted portion of the Mojave crustal block and is neither far-traveled nor exotic to North America. Its apparent "exotic" nature stems from derivation out of the middle crust. We also conclude that the Joshua Tree terrane is correlative to the Mojave block. We have found no significant evidence for its displacement and consider Joshua Tree to be contiguous with the Mojave block and thus not a valid terrane. The Tujunga (San Gabriel) and Joshua Tree terranes should not be considered as part of, or having shared the same transport as, the Santa Lucia-Orocopia allocthon.

The Journal of Geology↗

USGS2015

Geospatial resources for the geologic community: The USGS National Map

Geospatial data are a key component of investigating, interpreting, and communicating the geological sciences. Locating geospatial data can be time-consuming, which detracts from time spent on a study because these data are not obviously placed in central locations or are served from many disparate databases. The National Map of the US Geological Survey is a publicly available resource for accessing the geospatial base map data needs of the geological community from a central location. The National Map data are available through a viewer and download platform providing access to eight primary data themes, plus the US Topo and scanned historical topographic maps. The eight themes are elevation, orthoimagery, hydrography, geographic names, boundaries, transportation, structures, and land cover, and they are being offered for download as predefined tiles in formats supported by leading geographic information system software. Data tiles are periodically refreshed to capture the most current content and are an efficient method for disseminating and receiving geospatial information. Elevation data, for example, are offered as a download from the National Map as 1° × 1° tiles for the 10- and 30- m products and as 15′ × 15′ tiles for the higher-resolution 3-m product. Vector data sets with smaller file sizes are offered at several tile sizes and formats. Partial tiles are not a download option—any prestaged data that intersect the requesting bounding box will be, in their entirety, part of the download order. While there are many options for accessing geospatial data via the Web, the National Map represents authoritative sources of data that are documented and can be referenced for citation and inclusion in scientific publications. Therefore, National Map products and services should be part of a geologist’s first stop for geospatial information and data.

Journal of Geology↗

USGS2014

Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?

Worldwide, lack of data on stream temperature has motivated the use of regression-based statistical models to predict stream temperatures based on more widely available data on air temperatures. Such models have been widely applied to project responses of stream temperatures under climate change, but the performance of these models has not been fully evaluated. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the performance of two widely used linear and nonlinear regression models that predict stream temperatures based on air temperatures. We evaluated model performance and temporal stability of model parameters in a suite of regulated and unregulated streams with 11–44 years of stream temperature data. Although such models may have validity when predicting stream temperatures within the span of time that corresponds to the data used to develop them, model predictions did not transfer well to other time periods. Validation of model predictions of most recent stream temperatures, based on air temperature–stream temperature relationships from previous time periods often showed poor performance when compared with observed stream temperatures. Overall, model predictions were less robust in regulated streams and they frequently failed in detecting the coldest and warmest temperatures within all sites. In many cases, the magnitude of errors in these predictions falls within a range that equals or exceeds the magnitude of future projections of climate-related changes in stream temperatures reported for the region we studied (between 0.5 and 3.0 °C by 2080). The limited ability of regression-based statistical models to accurately project stream temperatures over time likely stems from the fact that underlying processes at play, namely the heat budgets of air and water, are distinctive in each medium and vary among localities and through time.

Environmental Research Letters↗

USGS2022

Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs

The Amazon biome is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer be possible. This degradation is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts and trade-offs of scenarios representing movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with spatial land use-land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEM + ESM). Our approach provides the first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of a tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. For the five Amazon focal countries, namely, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador, we find that a tipping point would create economic losses of US$256.6 billion in cumulative gross domestic product by 2050. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in intensifying agriculture in cleared lands, climate-adapted agriculture and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth and a return on investment of US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can support the design of regional development strategies for the Amazon biome, build the business case for action and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable policy implementation.

Amazon↗

USGS2019

Shorebird subsistence harvest and indigenous knowledge in Alaska: Informing harvest assessment and management, and engaging users in shorebird conservation

Limited data on harvest and population parameters are major impediments to assess shorebird harvest sustainability. Because of sharp declines in shorebird populations, timely conservation efforts require approaches that account for uncertainty in harvest sustainability. We combined harvest assessment and ethnographic research to better understand shorebird conservation concerns related to subsistence harvest in Alaska and to support culturally sensible conservation actions. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the Alaska-wide shorebird subsistence harvest and (2) document shorebird indigenous knowledge on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Harvest estimates were based on surveys conducted in 1990–2015 (n = 775 community-years). Key respondent interviews conducted in 2017 (n = 72) documented shorebird ethnotaxonomy and ethnography. The Alaska-wide shorebird harvest was 2,783 birds per year. Harvest of godwits was relatively low (1,115 birds per year) and likely included mostly Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica baueri, but this population has a low harvest potential. The egg harvest was 4,676 eggs per year, mostly small shorebird eggs. We documented 24 Yup’ik shorebird names and 10 main ethnotaxonomic categories. Children learning harvesting skills focused on small birds and adults also occasionally harvested shorebirds, but shorebirds were not primary food or cultural resources. Older generations associated shorebirds with a time when people were in closer contact with nature and their cultural roots. Shorebirds connected people with the environment as well as with Yup’ik traditions and language. Our results can inform improvements to harvest assessment and management, as well as outreach and communication efforts to engage subsistence users in shorebird conservation.

Alaska↗

USGS2025

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water and sediment in Great Lakes tributaries and relations with watershed attributes

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals of emerging concern that potentially pose risks to human and environmental health. In May–Oct 2018, sediment and passively collected surface water samples were collected from 62 tributary sites of the Laurentian Great Lakes with site catchments spanning various land cover types. Discrete samples of sediment collected manually and time-integrated surface water samples collected with polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were analyzed for 23 and 34 PFAS, respectively. Concentrations of individual PFAS in sediment and surface water varied immensely among sites from below detection to 20,800 ng kg −1 and 247 ng L −1 , respectively. Of all target compounds, PFOS was the most frequently detected in sediment (56 of 62 sites) and had the highest median concentration (132 ng kg −1 ). PFOA, PFHxS, PFOS, PFHpA, and PFNA (full chemical names are listed in online supplementary material Table S2) were detected in all 60 surface water sites, with median estimated concentrations of 5.9, 5.2, 4.6, 3.7, and 1.3 ng L −1 , respectively. Compounds with 8–13 fluorinated carbons comprised a larger proportion of sediment PFAS than compounds with 4–7 fluorinated carbons, whereas compounds with 4–7 fluorinated carbons comprised a greater proportion of PFAS in surface waters. Watershed attributes, including urban land cover, airports per catchment area, and wastewater treatment plants flow percentage were significantly ( p < 0.05) and positively related with PFAS sum concentrations in sediment and (or) surface water. Collectively, these results, albeit with some uncertainty in the estimated concentrations, highlight the relation PFAS occurrence has with human activities and documents widespread low-level PFAS contamination across the Great Lakes basin.

Great Lakes↗

USGS2026

Deconstructing cardiovascular and coagulation-related traits links dietary ecology to multi-functional snake venom specificity

Animal venoms vary greatly in compositional complexity, where complex venoms are hypothesized to be maintained by greater dietary breadth. Beyond explaining venom composition, the dietary breadth hypothesis predicts that these more complex venoms should show greater functional breadth in terms of overall toxicity and by disrupting multiple prey physiological processes. We evaluate these predictions with six distinct physiological assays of cardiac and blood clotting functions and compared the effects of venoms from snake species with a range of taxonomic dietary diversity levels. We compared the taxonomic dietary generalists Agkistrodon piscivorus and Sistrurus miliarius to taxa with varying taxonomic specialization, namely Ag. contortrix and Crotalus adamanteus , and Azemiops feae . Comparing fish thrombocyte and mammal platelet aggregation and fibrin clot formation, only species with broader diets disrupted both fish and mammal hemostatic function. Venom of Ag. piscivorus , a uniquely fish-eating species, was the most disruptive of zebrafish heart rate, thrombocyte activation, vascular permeability, and clotting after injury. Sistrurus miliarius was also highly toxic, whereas mammal-specialists’ venoms scarcely altered zebrafish physiology. Our results support the hypothesis that dietary breadth selects functionally complex venoms. Understanding venom gene evolution, snakebite symptoms, and searching for therapeutics in venom should be guided by evolutionary ecology.

Evolution↗

USGS2018

Acetylenotrophy: A hidden but ubiquitous microbial metabolism?

Acetylene (IUPAC name: ethyne) is a colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, composed of two triple bonded carbon atoms attached to hydrogens (C 2 H 2 ). When microbiologists and biogeochemists think of acetylene, they immediately think of its use as an inhibitory compound of certain microbial processes and a tracer for nitrogen fixation. However, what is less widely known is that anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms can degrade acetylene, using it as a sole carbon and energy source and providing the basis of a microbial food web. Here, we review what is known about acetylene degrading organisms and introduce the term 'acetylenotrophs' to refer to the microorganisms that carry out this metabolic pathway. In addition, we review the known environmental sources of acetylene and postulate the presence of an hidden acetylene cycle. The abundance of bacteria capable of using acetylene and other alkynes as an energy and carbon source suggests that there are energy cycles present in the environment that are driven by acetylene and alkyne production and consumption that are isolated from atmospheric exchange. Acetylenotrophs may have developed to leverage the relatively high concentrations of acetylene in the pre-Cambrian atmosphere, evolving later to survive in specialized niches where acetylene and other alkynes were produced.

FEMS Microbiology Ecology↗

USGS2022

P- and S-wave velocity estimation by ensemble Kalman inversion of dispersion data for strong motion stations in California

This study uses an ensemble Kalman method for near-surface seismic site characterization of 154 network earthquake monitoring stations in California to improve the resolution of S -wave velocity ( V S ) and P -wave velocity ( V P ) profiles—up to the resolution depth—coupled with better quantification of uncertainties compared to previous site characterization studies at this network. These stations were part of the Yong et al . site characterization project, with selected stations based on future recordings of ground motions that are expected to exceed 10 per cent peak ground acceleration in 50 yr. To estimate V S and V P from experimental dispersion data, Yong et al . investigated these stations using linearized (local search and iteration) routines, and Yong et al . later studied a subset of these stations using nonlinear (global search and optimization) routines. In both studies, the selection of model parameters—that is, discretization of the V S and V P profiles with only five fixed thickness layers—was mainly based on trial and error. In contrast, this paper uses an approximate Bayesian method to assimilate experimental dispersion data and sequentially update an ensemble of particle estimates that span the V S and V P parameter spaces. Doing so, we systematically determine the most probable profiles conditioned on the experimental dispersion data, the introduced noise levels, and a priori knowledge in the form of physical constraints. We consider two configurations to discretize the soil depth from the surface to half of the maximum discernible wavelength obtained from the experimental dispersion data, namely refined and coarse models, and two initial models for each configuration to study solution multiplicity. Our results suggest that using the refined model for the top surface layers improves the resolution of near-surface site characteristics and the model’s success rate in capturing dispersion data at high frequencies. All models result in similar V S but distinct V P profiles, with increasing uncertainty at deeper layers, suggesting that the fundamental mode of Rayleigh wave dispersion data is not adequate to constrain the P -wave velocity profile and the S -wave velocity close to the resolution depth.

California↗

USGS2022

Structural properties of the Southern San Andreas fault zone in northern Coachella Valley from magnetotelluric imaging

The Southern San Andreas fault (SSAF) poses one of the largest seismic risks in California. Yet, there is much ambiguity regarding its deeper structural properties around Coachella Valley, in large part due to the relative paucity of everyday seismicity. Here, we image a multistranded section of the SSAF using a non-seismic method, namely magnetotelluric (MT) soundings, to help inform depth-dependent fault zone geometry, fluid content and porosity. The acquired MT data and resultant inversion models highlight a conductive column encompassing the SSAF zone that includes a 2–3 km wide vertical to steeply northeast dipping conductor down to ∼4 km depth (maximum of ∼1 Ω·m at 2 km depth) and another prominent conductor in the ductile crust (∼1 Ω·m at 12 km depth and slightly southwest of the surface SSAF). We estimate porosities of 18–44 per cent for the conductive uppermost 500 m, a 10–15 per cent porosity at 2 km depth and that small amounts (0.1–3 per cent) of interconnected hypersaline fluids produce the deeper conductor. Located northeast of this conductive region is mostly resistive crust indicating dry crystalline rock that extends down to ∼20 km in places. Most of the local seismicity is associated with this resistive region. Located farther northeast still is a conductive region at >13 km depth and separate from the one to the southwest. The imaged anomalies permit two interpretations. The SSAF zone is vertical to steeply northeast dipping in the upper crust and (1) is near vertical at greater depth creating mostly an impermeable barrier for northeast fluid migration or (2) continues to dip northeast but is relatively dry and resistive up to ∼13 km depth where it manifests as a secondary deep ductile crustal conductor. Taken together with existing knowledge, the first interpretation is more likely but more MT investigations are required.

California↗

USGS2020

Identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in two bald eagles by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely used industrial compounds marketed in the United States under the trade name Aroclor. They have appeared in fish and wildlife tissues in this country and Europe. They are known to be toxic, but more importantly, their presence in samples along with the commonly occurring organochlorine pesticides complicates the analysis to a serious degree, making identification of pesticide residues by GLC without preliminary separation extremely unreliable. Residues of both polychlorinated biphenyls and organochloride pesticides were present in eagle carcasses. Many of the polychlorinated biphenyl components had retention times identical with those of certain organochlorine pesticide residues. Identification was accomplished by preliminary separations on thin layer plates followed by combined GLC- mass spectromtry.

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical ↗

USGS2015

A new species of Cryptotis (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuelan-Colombian Andes

The Sierra de Perijá is the northern extension of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes and includes part of the border between Colombia and Venezuela. The population of small-eared shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae, Cryptotis) inhabiting the Sierra de Perijá previously was known from only a single skull from an individual collected in Colombia in 1989. This specimen had been referred to alternatively as C. thomasi and C. meridensis, but more precise definition of the known Colombian and Venezuelan species of Cryptotis has since excluded the Sierra de Perijá population from any named species. The recent collection of a specimen from the Venezuelan slope of Sierra de Perijá, prompted us to re-evaluate the taxonomic status of this population and determine its relationship with other Andean shrews. Our examination of the available specimens revealed that they possess a unique suite of morphological and morphometrical characters, and we describe the Sierra de Perijá population as a new species in the South American C. thomasi species group. Recognition of this new species adds to our knowledge of this genus in South America and to the biodiversity of the Sierra de Perijá.

Sierra de Perija↗

USGS2025

Divergence of leptin receptor and interleukin-6 receptor subunit b in early vertebrate evolution and physiological insights from the sea lamprey

Current knowledge of class-I cytokine receptors comes primarily from studies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), and their origin and evolution remain unresolved. In this study, we identified a leptin receptor-like sequence (LepRL) and three interleukin-6 receptor subunit b-like sequences (IL6RBL) from a jawless vertebrate (cyclostome), the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ). Based on structural, phylogenetic, and syntenic analyses, we deduced that these lamprey receptors are likely distinct ohnologs to gnathostome LepR and IL6RB-related receptors, respectively, that arose in the two rounds of vertebrate whole-genome duplication (1R and 2R). Notably, lamprey LepRL likely originated from a different 1R progenitor than the one giving rise to gnathostome LepR during cyclostome hexaploidization. Differential patterns in mRNA expression of LepRL and IL6RBLs were observed among adult tissues, during larval metamorphosis, and in response to juvenile feeding. Feeding stimulated hepatic expression of LepRL and IL6RBL (namely, IL6RBL1) mRNAs in correlation with upregulation of insulin-like growth factor mRNA, whereas brain LepRL and IL6RBL1 mRNA expression was correlated positively with neuropeptide Y but inversely with intestinal content in fed juveniles. Notably, these observations along with immunolocalization of LepRL in the hypothalamus suggest a role of leptin signaling in regulating energy balance that is conserved among vertebrates. Additionally, seawater exposure stimulated branchial LepRL expression coincident with increased expression of ion transporters in ionocytes, indicating a role of leptin signaling in osmoregulation. These findings provide new insight into the early evolution of class-I cytokine receptors and reveal diverse functions of the leptin signaling system in jawless vertebrate.

Molecular Biology and Evolution↗