Results for “GAP Bulletin” — Page 4

USGS2009

Simulations of cataclysmic outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula

Using a flow domain that we constructed from 30 m digital-elevation model data of western United States and Canada and a two-dimensional numerical model for shallow-water flow over rugged terrain, we simulated outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula. We modeled a large, but not the largest, flood, using initial lake elevation at 1250 m instead of 1285 m. Rupture of the ice dam, centered on modern Lake Pend Oreille, catastrophically floods eastern Washington and rapidly fills the broad Pasco, Yakima, and Umatilla Basins. Maximum flood stage is reached in Pasco and Yakima Basins 38 h after the dam break, whereas maximum flood stage in Umatilla Basin occurs 17 h later. Drainage of these basins through narrow Columbia gorge takes an additional 445 h. For this modeled flood, peak discharges in eastern Washington range from 10 to 20 × 10 6 m 3 /s. However, constrictions in Columbia gorge limit peak discharges to <6 × 10 6 m 3 /s and greatly extend the duration of flooding. We compare these model results with field observations of scabland distribution and high-water indicators. Our model predictions of the locations of maximum scour (product of bed shear stress and average flow velocity) match the distribution of existing scablands. We compare model peak stages to high-water indicators from the Rathdrum-Spokane valley, Walulla Gap, and along Columbia gorge. Though peak stages from this less-than-maximal flood model attain or exceed peak-stage indicators along Rathdrum-Spokane valley and along Columbia gorge, simulated peak stages near Walulla Gap are 10–40 m below observed peak-stage indicators. Despite this discrepancy, our match to field observations in most of the region indicates that additional sources of water other than Glacial Lake Missoula are not required to explain the Missoula floods.

Montana↗

USGS2022

The 8 April 1860 Jour de Pâques earthquake sequence in southern Haiti

The grave threat posed by the Enriquillo‐Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ) and other fault systems on the Tiburon Peninsula in southern Haiti was highlighted by the catastrophic M 7.0 Léogâne earthquake on 12 January 2010 and again by the deadly M 7.2 Nippes earthquakes on 14 August 2021. Early Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations suggest the 2021 earthquake broke structures associated with this fault system farther west of the 2010 event, but the rupture zones of both events are separated by a ∼50 km gap. This sequence provided the impetus to reconsider a nineteenth century earthquake that may have occurred within this gap. Though previous studies identified a single moderately large event on 8 April 1860, original sources describe a complex and distributed seismic sequence to the west of Port‐au‐Prince. These provide evidence for an initial event to the west of Les Cayes, on the southern coast of the Tiburon Peninsula. This was followed on the morning of 8 April 1860 by a damaging earthquake near l’Anse‐à‐Veau along the northern coast of the peninsula, which was succeeded 14 hr later by a larger mainshock to the east. Although locations cannot be determined precisely from extant macroseismic data, our preferred scenario includes an intensity magnitude ( M I ) ∼ 6.2 "> ( M I ) ∼ 6.2 (MI)∼6.2 foreshock, followed by an M I ∼ 6.8 "> M I ∼ 6.8 MI∼6.8 mainshock wholly or partially on the EPGFZ to the east of the foreshock. Our results suggest that, although earthquakes tend to trigger subsequent earthquakes on immediately neighboring fault segments, sequences can include gaps due to strain release by poorly characterized earthquakes in the historic past. We also document 83 aftershocks to the 1860 earthquake sequence, including a previously unknown damaging shock, estimated M I ∼ 6.6 "> M I ∼ 6.6 MI∼6.6 ⁠ , on 10 April 1860 near Jérémie, farther west of l’Anse‐à‐Veau.

Tiburon Peninsula↗

USGS1929

Geology of the De Queen and Caddo Gap quadrangles, Arkansas

The field study of the geology of the De Queen and Caddo Gap quadrangles extended over a period of many years, and although the scientific and economic results from the study are here set forth fully for the first time in a single report, a number of publications have been issued that have presented some of the more important results. The field work was begun in 1907 and continued intermittently until 1925. The work in 1907 was done under a cooperative agreement between the United States Geological Survey and the Arkansas Geological Survey and involved primarily an investigation of the slate deposits of west-central Arkansas but also the mapping of the rocks in the mountainous part of the Caddo Gap quadrangle. In that year A. H. Purdue, State geologist of Arkansas, had charge of the work and was assisted by R. D. Mesler and H. D. Miser. All the subsequent work in the Caddo Gap quadrangle, as well as all in the De Queen quadrangle, was done by the United States Geological Survey. The work since 1907 is briefly outlined below. In 1908 Mr. Purdue, assisted by Mr. Miser, completed the mapping of the rocks of the Caddo Gap quadrangle with the aid of valuable suggestions from C. W. Hayes, chief geologist, J. A. Taff, and E. O. Ulrich, who visited the field for several days. In 1910 Mr. Purdue, assisted by Mr. Miser, reviewed a part of the previous work in the Caddo Gap quadrangle and mapped the rocks in most of the mountainous portion of the De Queen quadrangle. In 1911 these geologists did additional work in both the De Queen and Caddo Gap quadrangles, and in 1912 Mr. Miser, assisted by Mr. Mesler, completed the mapping of the rocks in the De Queen quadrangle and then reviewed some of the earlier work in the Caddo Gap quadrangle. In 1913 Arthur Keith, and Messrs. Purdue and Miser spent several days in a field conference in the Caddo Gap quadrangle. During the conference the first identifiable fossils in the Blaylock sandstone, of Silurian age, were discovered. In 1914 Mr. Miser obtained a small collection of fossil plants from the Stanley shale near Gillham, Ark., also the first fossils from the Arkansas novaculite. In 1916 he made a special study of some of the mineral deposits of the quadrangles, including the deposits of diamonds, manganese ore, gravel, and asphalt, and in 1917 he revisited the diamond mines. An investigation of the volcanic ash and tuff in the "Bingen formation," of Upper Cretaceous age, in the Caddo Gap quadrangle and adjoining areas to the south and southwest was made in 1923 by Clarence S. Ross and Mr. Miser. Also in that year other fossil plants were collected from the Stanley shale at the earlier discovered locality near Gillham by Mr. Miser. (See pl. 9, A .) The aggregate time spent in collecting fossils at this locality was eight days, so scare are the fossils and so difficult are the conditions for collecting them. Besides the above work the authors made frequent reconnaissance studies of adjoining areas, and Mr. Miser was joined in 1923 by C. W. Honess for a field conference of a few days in the De Queen and Caddo Gap quadrangles. In 1925 Mr. Miser joined in the field Messrs. L. W. Stephenson and C. H. Dane for a few days in a study of the " Bingen " (Woodbine and Tokio) and other formations of Upper Cretaceous age in and near the Caddo Gap quadrangle. Mr. Dane was making at that time a special study of the deposits of Upper Cretaceous age in southwestern Arkansas under a cooperative agreement between the United States Geological Survey and the Arkansas Geological Survey. For some of the information on the Tokio formation the present writers are indebted to Mr. Dane.

Arkansas, Oklahoma↗

USGS2022

A review of asteroid biology in the context of sea star wasting: Possible causes and consequences

Sea star wasting—marked in a variety of sea star species as varying degrees of skin lesions followed by disintegration—recently caused one of the largest marine die-offs ever recorded on the west coast of North America, killing billions of sea stars. Despite the important ramifications this mortality had for coastal benthic ecosystems, such as increased abundance of prey, little is known about the causes of the disease or the mechanisms of its progression. Although there have been studies indicating a range of causal mechanisms, including viruses and environmental effects, the broad spatial and depth range of affected populations leaves many questions remaining about either infectious or non-infectious mechanisms. Wasting appears to start with degradation of mutable connective tissue in the body wall, leading to disintegration of the epidermis. Here, we briefly review basic sea star biology in the context of sea star wasting and present our current knowledge and hypotheses related to the symptoms, the microbiome, the viruses, and the associated environmental stressors. We also highlight throughout the article knowledge gaps and the data needed to better understand sea star wasting mechanistically, its causes, and potential management.

Biological Bulletin↗

USGS1992

Double Glacier Volcano, a 'new' Quaternary volcano in the eastern Aleutian volcanic arc

The Double Glacier Volcano (DGV) is a small dome complex of porphyritic hornblende andesite and dacite that is part of the Cook Inlet segment of Quaternary volcanoes of the eastern Aleutian arc. Its discovery reduces the previously described large volcano gap in Cook Inlet segment to a distance similar to that between other volcanoes in the area. DGV lavas are medium-K, calcalkaline andesites and dacites with concentrations of major and minor elements similar to the other Quaternary volcanoes of the Cook Inlet segment. Available K-Ar ages indicate that DGV was active 600-900 ka. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.

Bulletin of Volcanology↗

USGS1971

Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington

In the high mountain area of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, there are many troughlike depressions on and essentially parallel to ridge tops. The troughs are mostly developed on rocks with strong planar anisotropy: slate, sandstone, and phyllite. Similar features in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand have been variously ascribed to erosion, slow movement along deep-seated shear planes, creep, and tectonic movements. In the Olympics, many depressions parallel structure; one wall is steeply dipping rocks, the other shattered, gently dipping rocks. These depressions seem to be the gaps left between undisturbed steeply dipping rocks and beds or cleavage bent valley-ward by creep. A few troughs may be the result of slow down-slope movement along deep-seated shear planes; this is a favorite explanation of eastern European workers. The Olympic ridge-top depressions testify to the importance of gravity in the degradation of high mountains carved from weak rocks.

Washington↗

USGS1985

Geologic characteristics of sediment- and volcanic-hosted disseminated gold deposits - Search for an occurrence model

The current expansion of resource information, particularly on "disseminated" gold, and the improved technologies now available for resource investigations should place us in an enhanced position for developing a better predictive methodology for meeting one of the important responsibilities of the U.S. Geological Survey-to examine and assess the mineral resources of the geologic terranes composing the public (and privately owned) lands of the United States. The first step is systematic organization of these data. Geologic-occurrence models are an effective systematic method by which to organize large amounts of resource information into a logical sequence facilitating its use more effectively in meeting several industry and Survey objectives, which include the exploration for resources and the assessment of resource potential for land-use decisions. Such models also provide a scientific basis for metallogenesis research, which considers the observable features or attributes of ore occurrence and their "fit" into the Earth's resource puzzle. The use of models in making resource assessments/appraisals was addressed by Shawe (1981), who reported the results of a workshop on methods for resource appraisal of Wilderness and Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program (CUSMAP; 1:250,000-scale quadrangles) areas. The Survey's main objective in the 1982 workshop was to evaluate the status of knowledge about disseminated or very fine grained gold deposits and, if possible, to develop an occurrence model(s). This report on the workshop proceedings has three main objectives: (1) Education through the publication of a summary review and presentation of new thinking and observations about the scientific bases for those geologic processes and environments that foster disseminated gold-ore formation; (2) systematic organization of available geologic, geochemical, and geophysical information for a range of typical disseminated gold deposits (including recognition of gaps in those data); and (3) assessment of current understanding (as presented in objective 2) toward formulating an empirical ore-occurrence model for this type of deposit. As such, this volume represents a preliminary first step at classification and provides a source of pertinent background information. Readers of this volume will soon discover, however, that full agreement has not yet been achieved in the interpretation of some of the geologic evidence. The resulting variations in tentative occurrence models for these controversial deposits ultimately will be resolved by filling the gaps in information that have already been identified. Thus, this volume does not report a U.S. Geological Survey consensus; the conclusions expressed in each chapter represent the particular interpretations of the various workshop participants.

Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah↗

USGS1984

Alaska seismic studies

Seismic monitoring in Alaska by the U.S Geological Survey consists of a network of 46 stations focused on the following four areas: Yakatut Bay to Prince William Sound, centered on the Yakatage seismic gap. Anchorage, and the surrounding region of rapid growth and development. The active Cook Inlet volcanoes-Iliamna,Redoubt and Spurr. (Two of three stations near Mount Spurr are funded by the State of Alaska as part of their geothermal program.) The region of the proposed Bradely Lake hydroelectric project on the Kenai Peninsula. (The area is monitored by five stations with funds from the Army Corps of Engineers.)

Alaska↗

USGS1994

40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas

Field studies and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to that determined for volcanic fields dominated by ash-flow tuffs, yet voluminous, extensive silicic lavas are considerably more abundant than tuffs in the Davis Mountains, by number of flows and by volume. The preponderance of voluminous silicic lavas over tuffs most likely reflects low water contents and high temperatures of the alkalic and commonly peralkaline Davis Mountains magmas. The earliest episode, at 36.8 Ma, included a widespread and voluminous (possibly >1,000 km 3 ) suite of rhyolite and quartz trachyte lavas, several rhyolite domes, and a strongly rheomorphic, peralkaline ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the northern Davis Mountains. The lava suite extends well beyond the Davis Mountains. Silicic lavas of all episodes probably erupted from widespread, fissure vents. The 36.5 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to quartz trachyte lavas, also extensive and voluminous (∼200 km 3 ). The 36.3 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to trachyte tuffs and lavas erupted from a central vent volcano in the southern Davis Mountains. The 35.9 Ma episode consisted of a single, moderately large (∼50 km 3 ) rhyolite lava and a small-volume ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the western Davis Mountains. Rocks emplaced during the 35.6 Ma episode were also rhyolites, including an enigmatic rock that may be strongly rheomorphic ash-flow tuff or a combination of tuff and lava, followed by definite lavas. The 35.3 Ma episode consisted of two ash-flow tuffs, one of which is strongly rheomorphic, and additional voluminous rhyolite lavas (∼120 km 3 ). The rheomorphic tuff erupted from a caldera in the southwestern Davis Mountains. The source of the other tuff is probably in the western Davis Mountains. Intermediate and mafic rocks are minor, except around the southeastern flank of the Davis Mountains, where basalt is abundant. Mafic lavas erupted only during gaps in the silicic activity and on the flanks of the Davis Mountains. Nevertheless, basaltic magma probably drove the silicic magmatism, either by differentiation or by crustal melting, and was present throughout the time of Davis Mountains activity but could not penetrate the low-density silicic magma chambers until they cooled and solidified. The time required for cooling and solidification appears to be 0.1-0.2 m.y.

Texas↗

USGS2002

Geometry, slip distribution, and kinematics of surface rupture on the Sakarya fault segment during the 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake

The M w 7.4 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake ruptured five major fault segments of the dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone. The 26-km-long, N86°W-trending Sakarya fault segment (SFS) extends from the Sapanca releasing step-over in the west to near the town of Akyazi in the east. The SFS emerges from Lake Sapanca as two distinct fault traces that rejoin to traverse the Adapazari Plain to Akyazi. Offsets were measured across 88 cultural and natural features that cross the fault, such as roads, cornfield rows, rows of trees, walls, rails, field margins, ditches, vehicle ruts, a dike, and ground cracks. The maximum displacement observed for the İzmit earthquake (&sim;5.1 m) was encountered on this segment. Dextral displacement for the SFS rises from less than 1 m at Lake Sapanca to greater than 5 m near Arifiye, only 3 km away. Average slip decreases uniformly to the east from Arifiye until the fault steps left from Sagir to Kazanci to the N75°W, 6-km-long Akyazi strand, where slip drops to less than 1 m. The Akyazi strand passes eastward into the Akyazi Bend, which consists of a high-angle bend (18°-29°) between the Sakarya and Karadere fault segments, a 6-km gap in surface rupture, and high aftershock energy release. Complex structural geometries exist between the İzmit, Düzce, and 1967 Mudurnu fault segments that have arrested surface ruptures on timescales ranging from 30 sec to 88 days to 32 yr. The largest of these step-overs may have acted as a rupture segmentation boundary in previous earthquake cycles.

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America↗

USGS1919

Asphalt deposits and oil conditions in southwestern Arkansas

Seven asphalt deposits, three of which are in Pike County and four in Sevier County, in southwestern Arkansas, were examined by the writers during the progress of the field work for the De Queen-Caddo Gap folio, which is now in preparation. These deposits are all found at or near the same horizon in the Trinity formation. Only one has so far been developed into a mine from which asphalt has been shipped in commercial quantity. This deposit, which has been described by Hayes, 1 is about 2£ miles south-southeast of Pike, in Pike County. Of the other six deposits only three have been prospected.

Arkansas↗

USGS1974

Composition and time relations of plutonic and associated volcanic rocks, Boulder Batholith Region, Montana

Comparison of areally weighted bulk compositions for the Boulder batholith and prebatholith volcanic rocks (Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics) shows a close match in terms of K 2 O-Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 variations. Detailed examination of available chemical data suggests, however, that the constituent units of the volcanic rocks differ among themselves, as well as from many of the batholith units. Most sampled volcanic rocks are chemically and isotopically similar to the volumetrically minor mafic members of the putonic main series of Tilling (1973). The sodic-series plutonic rocks, which form about 15 percent of the exposed batholith, apparently have no compositionally similar counterparts in the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics in terms of bulk composition. The Butte Quartz Monzonite, which makes up about three-quarters of the batholith in terms of individual samples and bulk composition, is chemically distinct from most volcanic rocks. This relation suggests that only small amounts of magma of Butte Quartz Monzonite composition erupted onto the surface. The voluminous silicic ash flows of the middle member of the volcanic rocks were probably derived from the same magma that mostly crystallized subsurface to form the Butte Quartz Monzonite. Field, chemical, K-Ar age, and paleomagnetic evidence, however, strongly suggest that a time gap separated the extrusion of the middle-member volcanic rocks from the intrusion of the Butte Quartz Monzonite and related younger silicic variants. Compositional and time relations between the plutonic and genetically associated volcanic rocks are generally compatible with the concept that the volcanic rocks are eruptive equivalents of a shallow evolving batholith but seem incompatible with some specific aspects of the “extrusive complex” or “floored sheet” hypothesis as applied to the Boulder batholith by Hamilton and Myers (1967, 1974).

Montana↗

USGS1999

Evolution of Cupido and Coahuila carbonate platforms, early Cretaceous, northeastern Mexico

The Cupido and Coahuila platforms of northeastern Mexico are part of the extensive carbonate platform system that rimmed the ancestral Gulf of Mexico during Barremian to Albian time. Exposures of Cupido and Coahuila lithofacies in several mountain ranges spanning an ∼80000 km 2 area reveal information about platform morphology and composition, paleoenvironmental relations, and the chronology of platform evolution. New biostratigraphic data, integrated with carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy, significantly improve chronostratigraphic relations across the region. These data substantially change previous age assignments of several formations and force a revision of the longstanding stratigraphy in the region. The revised stratigraphy and enhanced time control, combined with regional facies associations, allow the construction of cross sections, isopach maps, and time-slice paleogeographic maps that collectively document platform morphology and evolution. The orientation of the Cupido (Barremian-Aptian) shelf margin was controlled by the emergent Coahuila basement block to the northwest. The south-facing margin is a high-energy grainstone shoal, whereas the margin facing the ancestral Gulf of Mexico to the east is a discontinuous rudist-coral reef. A broad shelf lagoon developed in the lee of the Cupido margin, where as much as 660 m of cyclic peritidal deposits accumulated. During middle to late Aptian time, a major phase of flooding forced a retrograde backstep of the Cupido platform, shifting the locus of shallow-marine sedimentation northwestward toward the Coahuila block. This diachronous flooding event records both the demise of the Cupido shelf and the consequent initiation of the Coahuila ramp. The backstepped Coahuila ramp (Aptian-Albian) consisted of a shallow shoal margin separating an interior evaporitic lagoon from a low-energy, muddy deep ramp. More than 500 m of cyclic carbonates and evaporites accumulated in the evaporitic lagoon during early to middle Albian time. Restriction of the platform interior dissipated by middle to late Albian time with the deposition of peloidal, miliolid-rich packstones and grainstones of the Aurora Formation. The Coahuila platform was drowned during latest Albian to early Cenomanian time, and the deep-water laminites of the Cuesta del Cura Formation were deposited. This study fills in a substantial gap in the Cretaceous paleogeography of the eastern Gulf of Mexico coast, improving regional correlations with adjacent hydrocarbon-rich platforms. The enhanced temporal relations and chronology of events recorded in the Cupido and Coahuila platforms significantly improve global correlations with coeval, economically important platforms worldwide, perhaps contributing to the determination of global versus regional controls on carbonate platform evolution during middle Cretaceous time.

Geological Society of America Bulletin↗

USGS1912

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter . HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.

Hawaii↗

USGS1912

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1912

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter . HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.

Hawaii↗

USGS1913

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1913

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter . HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.

Hawaii↗

USGS1914

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1914

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter . HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.

Hawaii↗

USGS1915

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1915

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter . HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.

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