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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
USGS1965

Fat content of the flesh of siscowets and lake trout from Lake Superior

Samples of flesh were excised from the middorsal region of 67 siscowets (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) and 46 lake trout (Salvelinus n. namaycush) collected from Lake Superior. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed a range in fat content (dry weight) of 32.5 to 88.8 per cent in siscowets and 6.6 to 52.3 per cent in lake trout. Percentage fat increased progressively with increase in length of fish in both forms, but the average rate of increase was far greater for siscowets than for lake trout at lengths between 12 and 20 inches. Despite substantial individual variation, the percentage fat in the two forms was widely different and without overlap at all comparable lengths. The range in iodine number of the fat was 100 to 160 for siscowets and 103 to 161 for lake trout; average values were generally lower for siscowets than for lake trout among fish of comparable length. Percentage fat and relative weight were not correlated significantly in either subspecies. The fat content of flesh samples from a distinctive subpopulation of Lake Superior lake trout known as 'humpers' was more closely similar to that of typical lean lake trout than to siscowets, but the rate of increase in fat with increasing length was greater than for lean lake trout. Flesh samples from hatchery-reared stocks of lake trout, hybrid lake trout X siscowets, and siscowets tended to support the view that the wide difference in fat content between siscowets and lake trout is genetically determined.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1965

Age, growth, maturity, and fecundity of 'humper' lake trout, Isle Royale, Lake Superior

Humper lake trout are one of the several races or subpopulations of lake trout in Lake Superior. This study is based on 3,705 fish collected on a reef south of Isle Royale near the eastern end. The mean lengths of humper trout from commercial gill nets were smaller than those of lean lake trout. Members of age-groups VII, VIII, and IX represented 81.5 per cent of the commercial humper catch. The body-scale relation was described by two intersecting straight lines. The weight of humper trout increased as the 3.282 power of the length. Growth in length was slow and ranged from 1.6 to 3.5 inches per year. Annual increments were greatest in the first, sixth, and seventh years. Growth in weight was also slow but increased each year. Humper trout became legal (1 1/2 pounds) in the eighth year of life and reached 5 pounds in 11 years. All fish longer than 19.1 inches and older than age-group VIII were mature; the shortest mature fish were: males, 12.7 inches; females, 14.7 inches. At minimum legal size, 98 per cent of the males and 56 per cent of the females were mature. Humper trout produced an average of 1,351 eggs per fish or 516 per pound.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1966

Toxicities of several pesticides to two species of Cladocerans

Laboratory bioassays were conducted with some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate insecticides, other insecticides and acaricides, and with herbicides to determine their relative toxicities and immobilization values for two species of daphnids, Daphnia pulex and Simocephalus serrulatus. Both species are satisfactory bioassay organisms for the determination of a wide variety of pesticides, with D. pulex being the more sensitive. The organophosphate insecticides were generally more toxic than the chlorinated hydrocarbons to both species. DDVP was the most toxic compound investigated. DDT was the most toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon tested, and lindane the least. There was a wide range in the toxicity of hydrocarbons to D. pulex, with 48-hour EC 50 values ranging from 0.36 to 460 ppb. DDT was 2.9 times more toxic at 50 F than at 80 F. Malathion was 8.8 times more toxic at 50 F than at 70 F to S. serrulatus. Endrin was 12 times more toxic than dieldrin to D. pulex. DDT was 2.6 times more toxic at 60 F to first-instar organisms up to 18 hours old than to 7-day-old organisms.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1966

Bathymetric distribution of fish in the Apostle Islands region, Lake Superior

Records of seasonal and &ldquo;all-season&rdquo; (April-December) bathymetric distribution are given for 17 species of fish taken in bottom trawls and experimental gill nets fished on the bottom in 1958&ndash;63 in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior. The data are based on catches from 578 trawl tows at 2&ndash;59 fathoms and 301,900 linear feet of gill nets fished at 2&ndash;89 fathoms. Size of the fish varied widely among different species from the same gear and the same species from different gears. Seasonal differences in depth distribution were greatest for lake trout, bloaters, round whitefish, and older smelt, which exhibited an inshore movement in the summer and fall, and for longnose suckers, which migrated to deeper water with progress of the seasons. The all-season bathymetric distributions varied considerably among species. Round whitefish, 0- and I-group smelt, longnose suckers, ninespine sticklebacks, and johnny darters were most abundant at < 10 fathoms. Concentrations of lake trout, lake herring, lake whitefish, older smelt, trout-perch, and burbot were greatest at 10&ndash;29 fathoms. Pygmy whitefish were most common at 30&ndash;39 fathoms, bloaters and spoonhead sculpins at 40&ndash;49 fathoms, and shortjaw ciscoes, slimy sculpins, and fourhorn sculpins at 50&ndash;59 fathoms. The kiyi was most abundant at 70&ndash;79 fathoms.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1966

Some effects of sublethal concentrations of sodium arsenite on bluegills and the aquatic environment

Bluegills were exposed to sodium arsenite at various concentrations and treatment frequencies in outdoor pools. The effects of the treatments on the fish and invertebrates in the pools were assessed. Applications totaling 4.0 ppm or more of NaAsO 2 during the experiment were reflected in reduced survival and growth of the fish, with immature fish being affected to a greater degree than adults. Some pathological changes were observed in adults. Substantial residues of arsenic were found in the water, bottom soil, and throughout the organs and flesh of the bluegills at the termination of the experiment. Bottom fauna and plankton populations were reduced or inhibited in several pools with the highest concentrations of the herbicide.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1966

Some effects of Heptachlor on bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus)

In complementary studies of the chronic effects of heptachlor on bluegills, four similar earthen ponds were treated once with different concentrations of heptachlor, and the fish in six plastic pools were routinely fed different levels of heptachlor. A fifth pond and two plastic pools were used as controls. Higher dosages resulted in higher concentrations of heptachlor residues, more pronounced tissue pathology, and higher mortality in the test fish. Heptachlor reached a maximum in the pond fish about 3 days after treatment, and could no longer be found in the fish or mud after 56 days. The fish fed continuous levels of heptachlor developed their highest residues at 56 days. Invertebrate populations in the two higher treatment level ponds were eliminated. Lesser effects appeared in the two lower concentrations. At the termination of the experiment, invertebrate populations in the treated ponds and the control were not significantly different, and had achieved or surpassed pretreatment levels. Degenerative liver lesions became pronounced in fish from the two higher exposure ponds, but a heavy infestation of trematode metacercariae in the fish of all the test ponds, except the control, clouded further interpretation of histopathological examinations. Pathology results from the fish in the feeding test, although inconclusive, tended to support the trends which were developing in the contact test. There was an inverse proportional relationship between growth of fish in the feeding test and the amount of heptachlor introduced. The control group showed the highest growth rate, and the groups with progressively higher intake of heptachlor had progressively lower growth rates.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1966

Clinostomum marginatum in steelhead trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) and cutthroat trout ( Salmo clarki ) in a western Washington lake

Clinostomum marginatum (Trematoda: Clinostomatidae), the yellow grub parasite, was recorded in epizootic proportions from Lynch Lake, King County, Washington, in 1961 and 1962. The parasite larvae occurred principally in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri); cutthroat trout (S. clarki) were infected to a relatively minor degree. Fish and snail host populations were destroyed by rotenone and copper sulfate treatments.

Washington↗
USGS1966

Seasonal and depth distribution of larval bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in southeastern Lake Michigan

Larvae of bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) were sampled systematically in southeastern Lake Michigan, off Saugatuck, Michigan, from 9 April to 22 August 1964; limited additional sampling was done on 15 October. All collections were made with a 1-m plankton net of 0.66-mm mesh. A standard series of samples consisted of oblique tows for each 10-fathom (sometimes 5-fathom) stratum over bottom depths from 5 to 50 fathoms by 5-fathom intervals. Some additional oblique tows were made at 60, 70, 80, and 88 fathoms, and a single day-night series of horizontal tows was made at 40 fathoms. Few bloater larvae were taken when sampling began in early April. Numbers increased steadily thereafter until late June and early July, after which the catch declined rather rapidly. Few were caught on 22 August and none on 15 October. Hatching appeared to be at its peak about mid-June. Approximately 83% of all bloater larvae were taken where the lake was between 40 and 60 fathoms deep. The depth of greatest abundance appeared to be between 50 and 60 fathoms. Larvae were present at all depths sampled except at 5 fathoms, but were scarce in areas 10, 15, and 20 fathoms deep. Most were found near bottom, except during the April and early May collections. About 96% were taken from strata in which the maximum temperature was not more than 4.7 C. There was evidence that weak swimming ability of the larvae as well as water temperature influenced vertical depth distribution. A limited but definite upward vertical migration occurred at night.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1967

Growth of lake trout in Lake Superior before the maximum abundance of sea lampreys

The growth in length of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the inshore water of Lake Superior in 1953 increased with age from the 3rd to 9th year, and was nearly constant from the 9th to the 12th year. Growth was greatest in the 1st year (4.0 inches) and least in the 2nd and 3rd years (2.3 inches). Between the 4th and 9th years the increments increased from 2.6 to 3.5 inches. Growth was calculated from a curvilinear body‐scale relation. Intraseasonal growth in length extended from late April until well after October; most growth was in late summer and fall. The younger fish started growth earlier, and some mature fish did not increase in length until after the October spawning. Lake trout reached the minimum legal weight (1.5 pounds) in the 7th year of life and the average size taken in the commercial fishery (about 3 pounds) in the 8th year. The annual increase in weight in the 8th year of life was over 64%. Fish used in this study grew more slowly than those from Lakes Michigan and Huron taken during the period when sea lamprey abundance was increasing, but at about the same rate as lake trout of Lake Michigan before the sea lamprey appeared.

Lake Superior↗
USGS1967

The effect of the lamprey larvicide, 3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol, on selected aquatic invertebrates

The chemical compound 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is used to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the upper Great Lakes. It is introduced into streams in which sea lampreys have spawned, to kill the larvae. These 'treatments' are carried out at intervals shorter than the larval phase of the sea lamprey's life cycle (about 4 to 7 years) to prevent movement of the metamorphosed parasitic lampreys into the lakes. Most of the streams which contain sea lamprey larvae also have valuable resident fish or serve as spawning and nursery areas for fish of the Great Lakes. These species must be protected from both the direct toxic effects of the control method and from indirect effects such as destruction of food supplies. Studies have shown that TFM is nontoxic to most species of fish when used at the concentrations that kill larval lampreys. Information on the effect of TFM on aquatic invertebrates is meager. Applegate et al. reported that TFM was not harmful to selected invertebrates which they included in simulated stream tests. They also stated that no harmful effects to invertebrates were observed during actual stream application. The variety of invertebrate species used in simulated stream tests was limited, and close observation of invertebrates under stream conditions is difficult. Therefore, the present laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the toxicity of TFM to representatives of a number of groups of invertebrates.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1968

Growth changes of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) of the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior

Studies were based primarily on 3,097 bloaters collected in experimental gill nets and bottom trawls fished in 1958-65 in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior. The average size of bloaters increased considerably during the period. The percentage longer than 8.9 inches increased from 45% in 1959 to 99% in 1965. Calculated lengths were without exception higher in 1962-65 than in 1958-61. Growth in length and weight showed nearly steady improvement from 1951 to 1964. The species composition of chubs has apparently changed considerably over the past 40 years. The bloater has replaced the shortjaw cisco (C. zenithicus) as the principal species in commercial landings of chubs in Wisconsin. Annulus formation of bloaters extended from mid-May to August. Growth was slow during the spring and early summer but increased sharply in August. Age-group VI was dominant in the samples. Fluctuations in year-class strength were slight. Females outnumbered males in all age groups above III. The sex composition varied according to season of capture. Some bloaters matured at age II and all fish older than III were mature. The shortest length of mature bloaters was 6.0 inches for males and 7.0 inches for females; all fish longer than 8.4 inches were mature. Apostle Island bloaters spawn principally in February and March. The average number of eggs produced by 20 females, 8.4 to 11.7 inches long, was 6,533. Crustaceans were the most common food.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1968

Some effects of mirex on two warm-water fishes

The effects of mirex on two species of warm-water fishes were studied in three experiments in which the fish were exposed either by feeding a mirex-treated diet, or by treating the holding ponds with a mirex formulation. Bluegills were used in the feeding experiment, where three different levels of mirex were incorporated into the diet and fed to fish held in plastic pools, and in the first pond-exposure experiment, in which the fish were held in earthen ponds treated once with a mirex-corncob grit formulation. The third experiment used goldfish held in earthen ponds which also were treated once with the mirex-corncob grit formulation. In general, higher rates of exposure produced higher whole-body residues of mirex in the fish, and, except in bluegills from the lower-treatment ponds of the first contact experiment and in control fish, whole-body residues increased throughout the terms of these experiments. Soil, water, and vegetation samples from the two contact experiments, although subject to large differences between individual samples, contained relatively unchanging mirex concentrations, illustrating that this chemical is highly resistant to degradation or removal. No mortality or tissue pathology in the bluegills could be ascribed to mirex exposure, but the gills and kidneys of mirex-exposed goldfish showed reactions beginning with the samples taken 56 days after treatment, and the numbers of these fish surviving until termination of this experiment were inversely related to treatment level. Total serum protein and hematocrit percentages had no apparent relationship to treatment levels, nor was mirex exposure a demonstrable factor in growth rates in the contact experiments. However, growth of the bluegills in the highest treatment groups of the feeding experiment was adversely affected. Invertebrate populations seemed not to be affected by the mirex treatment in either of the earthen pond experiments.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1968

Fish furunculosis, 1952-1966

A review is made of the furunculosis literature based on a bibliography of papers published from 1952–1966. It is noted that furunculosis is still a serious problem. Rapid diagnostic procedures have been developed. New therapeutic drugs have been introduced for treatment of sulfa resistant strains of A. salmonicida. Genetic resistance to and oral immunization against furunculosis show promise but require further study.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1968

An electric beam trawl for the capture of larval lampreys

The chemicals used to control the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus , in the Great Lakes have drastically reduced populations of larval lampreys in tributary streams. These larvicides are too costly and difficult to apply, however, in inland lakes, estuaries, and bays. Populations of sea lampreys in these areas constitute a threat to the refinement of the control. The gear available to locate, ample, and evaluate larval populations in deep water are inefficient. Electric shockers, satisfactory for collecting ammocoetes in streams, are limited to shallow water. The use of mechanical devices such as the Petersen dredge, anchor dredge, and the orange-peel dredge is time consuming, inefficient, and relatively ineffective in providing reliable quantitative evaluation of population size and composition over large areas of bottom. A device was required to sample adequately many areas in a short period of time, regardless of the depth of water. Mobility also was essential to permit operation of the unit in the various Great Lakes and in inland waters. An electrified beam trawl has been developed that most nearly meets these requirements. It has been used successfully to collect larvae of the sea lamprey, American brook lamprey ( Lampetra lamottei ), northern brook lamprey ( Ichthyomyzon fossor ), and silver lamprey ( I. unicuspis ). Effectiveness of the trawl did not appear to differ with species.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1968

Production of sea lamprey larvae from nests in two Lake Superior streams

The life history of the landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, has been described by several authors, the two most recent of which are Applegate and Wigley. The only information on the production of larvae from nests of the sea lamprey was reported by Applegate, who counted the larvae from three nests in the Ocqueoc River, a tributary of Lake Huron. The present report presents data on the hatching success of sea lamprey larvae from 19 nests in two small tributaries of southern Lake Superior and indicates greater production per nest than that recorded by Applegate. Studies were conducted by personnel of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the Little Garlic River, Marquette County, Michigan, and on the Traverse River, Keweenaw County, Michigan.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1969

Chemical composition of rainbow trout urine following acute hypoxic stress

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) were anesthetized with MS-222, catheterized, and introduced into urine collecting chambers. Twenty-four hours after introduction, a 4-hour accumulation of urine was collected to serve as the control. Water flow to the chambers was then discontinued for 30 minutes during which the oxygen content of the water exiting in the chamber dropped from 4.9 to 2.8 mg/l. Following this hypoxic stress fresh water was restored and accumulated urine samples were taken for analysis at 1, 4, and 20 hours post-hypoxic stress. Rainbow trout excrete abnormally high concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Cl, and inorganic PO 4 following hypoxia.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1969

Bacteria in blood and kidney of apparently healthy hatchery trout

Aseptic examination of blood and kidney material from three species of apparently healthy trout at two hatcheries showed that 12.5% of examined trout at one hatchery and 26.1% of trout at the other carried low numbers of bacteria. In addition, sera from these trout had agglutinins against some of the isolated bacteria and bacterial types found in trout were the same as those cultured from raceway water in which fish were raised. Although the presence of these bacteria does not constitute a disease state, the potential for an epizootic is present should trout be placed under stress conditions.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗