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USGS2007

Design procedure for hooded surface oxygen absorption systems

A design procedure addressing effluent total dissolved gas pressure limits along with standard performance indicators such as oxygen absorption efficiency (kg absorbed/kg applied), and transfer efficiency (kg/kW.h), is presented for surface agitation equipment operating in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Application of this contactor type in closed culture systems is attractive given its insensitivity to biological fouling and ability to operate without the need for a significant hydraulic gradient. Performance algorithms were developed through application of chemical reactor theory, Henry's Law and the Ideal Gas Law. In the analysis, gas and liquid phases were treated as being homogeneous. The design steps presented are unique in that required mass transfer coefficients (K L a), operating pressures (CP), and oxygen feed rates (G/L) are calculated for target changes in both dissolved oxygen and nitrogen without the use of iterative numerical procedures. A second calculation sequence establishes the sensitivity of system performance to changes in G/L when CP and K L a are known.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society↗

USGS2012

Application of a bioenergetics model for hatchery production: Largemouth bass fed commercial diets

Fish bioenergetics models based on natural prey items have been widely used to address research and management questions. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate and apply bioenergetics models to hatchery-reared fish receiving commercial feeds that contain substantially higher energy densities than natural prey. In this study, we evaluated a bioenergetics model for age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides reared on four commercial feeds. Largemouth bass ( n ≈ 3,504) were reared for 70 d at 25°C in sixteen 833-L circular tanks connected in parallel to a recirculation system. Model performance was evaluated using error components (mean, slope, and random) derived from decomposition of the mean square error obtained from regression of observed on predicted values. Mean predicted consumption was only 8.9% lower than mean observed consumption and was similar to error rates observed for largemouth bass consuming natural prey. Model evaluation showed that the 97.5% joint confidence region included the intercept of 0 (−0.43 ± 3.65) and slope of 1 (1.08 ± 0.20), which indicates the model accurately predicted consumption. Moreover model error was similar among feeds ( P = 0.98), and most error was probably attributable to sampling error (unconsumed feed), underestimated predator energy densities, or consumption-dependent error, which is common in bioenergetics models. This bioenergetics model could provide a valuable tool in hatchery production of largemouth bass. Furthermore, we believe that bioenergetics modeling could be useful in aquaculture production, particularly for species lacking historical hatchery constants or conventional growth models.

North American Journal of Aquaculture↗

USGS2004

Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control saprolegniasis on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) eggs

The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control mortality associated with saprolegniasis in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) eggs was evaluated at the Lost Valley State Fish Hatchery (Warsaw, MO). Two efficacy trials were conducted. In Trial 1, channel catfish eggs in their natural gelatinous matrix were treated with hydrogen peroxide at 0, 500, and 750 mg l(-1). Channel catfish eggs in Trial 2 had the gelatinous matrix removed before treatment with hydrogen peroxide at 0 and 500 mg l(-1). Each treatment regimen was tested in triplicate and each egg jar contained similar to 17,400 eggs. Hydrogen peroxide was administered as a 15-min flow-through treatment applied once daily for a total of six applications. Control jars were similarly treated with culture water. Samples of exposure water were collected during each treatment and analyzed to verify actual treatment concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide treatment efficacy was assessed by comparing the percent egg hatch in the treatment group to the untreated control group in each trial. Mean percent hatch in Trial I was 44% (control), 54% (500 mg l(-1)), and 69% (750 mg l(-1)). Hydrogen peroxide treatment at either 500 or 750 mg l(-1) significantly (P<0.01) increased the percent hatch compared to the untreated control group. In Trial 2, hydrogen peroxide treatment at 500 mg l(-1) significantly (P<0.01) increased the percent egg hatch (67%) relative to the untreated controls (57%). Hydrogen peroxide treatment reduced egg mortality and increased the percent hatch of channel catfish eggs regardless of whether eggs were incubated in the gelatinous matrix or without the matrix in comparison to the untreated control.

Missouri↗

USGS2006

Safety of fish therapeutants to glochidia of the plain pocketbook mussel during encystment on largemouth bass

Mussel biologists and fisheries managers have developed propagation techniques to duplicate the natural glochidia infestation on host fish. However, in intensive culture situations, fish diseases may threaten the survival of both fish and their attached glochidia and chemical treatments may be required to control a disease epizootic. Five therapeutants were evaluated for their safety to largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides encysted with mussel glochidia by comparing the number of sloughed glochidia in the chemical treatment groups with that of an untreated control group. Largemouth bass were infested with glochidia from the plain pocketbook mussel Lampsilis cardium and treated with 20 mg chloramine-T/L, 2 mg Cutrine/L, or 200 mg formalin/L (trial 1) and 200 mg formalin/L, 100 mg hydrogen peroxide/L, or 20,000 mg sodium chloride/L (trial 2). Chemicals were applied for 60 min (15 min in the case of sodium chloride in trial 2) once every other day, for a total of three treatments (six in the case of formalin in trial 2). After the first treatment, aquaria were siphoned each weekday to determine the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles. In trial 1, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 257 to 294, and approximately 94% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. In trial 2, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 97 to 115, and approximately 91% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. The mean percent of sloughed glochidia varied by less than 2% among all test groups in each trial. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles among control or treatment groups in either trial. Therapeutic treatment of diseased fish with chloramine-T, Cutrine, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium chloride at the treatment regimens evaluated are viable options for enhancing the survival of fish encysted with glochidia.

North American Journal of Aquaculture↗

USGS2011

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance and characterization of resistant genes and integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from integrated fish farms south China

Antibiotics are still widely applied in animal husbandry to prevent diseases and used as feed additives to promote animal growth. This could result in antibiotic resistance to bacteria and antibiotic residues in animals. In this paper, Enterobacteriaceae isolated from four integrated fish farms in Zhongshan, South China were tested for antibiotic resistance, tetracycline resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, and class 1 integrons. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were carried out to test antibiotic susceptibility and resistance genes, respectively. Relatively high antibiotic resistance frequencies were found, especially for ampicillin (80%), tetracycline (52%), and trimethoprim (50%). Out of 203 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 98.5% were resistant to one or more antibiotics tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was found highest in animal manures with a MAR index of 0.56. Tetracycline resistance genes ( tet (A), tet (C)) and sulfonamide resistance genes ( sul2 ) were detected in more than 50% of the isolates. The intI1 gene was found in 170 isolates (83.7%). Both classic and non-classic class 1 integrons were found. Four genes, aadA5 , aadA22 , dfr2 , and dfrA17 , were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report for molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from integrated fish farms in China and the first time that gene cassette array dfrA17-aadA5 has been detected in such fish farms. Results of this study indicated that fish farms may be a reservoir of highly diverse and abundant antibiotic resistant genes and gene cassettes. Integrons may play a key role in multiple antibiotic resistances posing potential health risks to the general public and aquaculture.

Zhongshan↗

USGS2014

Survival of hatchery Gulf sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Mitchill, 1815) in the Suwannee River, Florida: a 19-year evaluation

An experimental release of 1192 hatchery-reared, individually PIT tagged, 220 days old (296–337 mm TL) Gulf sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi , was undertaken in 1992 in the Suwannee River, Florida. The original objectives of the 1992 release experiment were to: (1) evaluate survival rate of cultured Gulf sturgeon in the wild vs survival rate of their wild 1992 cohort counterparts, (2) determine the differential effect of release site within the river upon long-term survival, and (3) evaluate comparative growth rates of recaptured hatchery vs captured wild 1992 cohort Gulf sturgeon. The present investigation addressed those original objectives, plus an additional fourth objective: (4) evaluation of hatchery fish recapture rate change over the 19-year experiment. The primary objective was to determine efficacy of potential conservation aquaculture for this species in terms of long-term survival in the wild. Follow-up 1993–2011 gill net sampling in freshwater reaches (rkm 4–237) and the estuarine river mouth (rkm −6 to 4) yielded recaptures representing 13.0% of the total released. Mean annual hatchery fish mortality (including emigration) rate estimated for the 19-year period (1993–2011) was more than twice that for same cohort wild fish. Mark-recapture survival probability (phi) for hatchery fish, 1993–2011, was substantially lower (0.733) than for their wild counterparts (0.888). Mean annual hatchery fish recapture rate, as a percentage of all 1992 cohort fish recaptures, declined significantly after age-7, coinciding with age of onset of migration into the open Gulf of Mexico. Hypothesized causal factors may be differentially lower fitness in the marine habitat or permanent outmigration due to natal river imprinting failure. Hatchery fish recapture rates varied significantly for fish from the ten release sites, being highest near the river mouth, and lowest for the furthest upriver sites in the Suwannee River and its Santa Fe River tributary. Hatchery fish also displayed a significantly lower growth rate than their wild counterparts through age 3000 days. Cumulative hatchery fish mortality of 99.87% over 19 years predicts <3 individuals would have survived through 2011. From the results of the 1992 release experiment, hatchery supplementation as a Gulf sturgeon conservation measure does not appear to be an effective option.

Florida↗

USGS2024

Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846) mouth gape and size preference of a bivalve prey

Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846) have been widely used as biological control of snails in aquaculture and were imported to the United States in the 1970s and 1980s for this purpose. Prior research emphasizes the species’ propensity to control gastropods, but since subsequent escape and establishment of black carp in portions of the Mississippi River Basin, concerns now focus on the numerous endangered and endemic bivalve species upon which black carp may predate. Black carp mouth gape may limit predation on larger bivalves, but bite force is also a factor. We used regression of fish length to mouth gape of wild-caught black carp and compared these results to tank forage size preference trials with bivalve prey Corbicula fluminea clams. Wild-caught black carp ranged from 429 to 1580 mm total length, a size range larger than measured in previous studies. Regression of fish length and mouth gape indicated greater variability among sizes, as expected from wild versus cultured populations. Clam consumption was size-dependent. Black carp commonly engulfed but did not consume the largest clams in tank feeding trials. Shell width was a better predictor of successful consumption than length or height. Predation was restricted at sizes less than the mouth gape of test black carp as observed by individuals engulfing but failing to consume prey. This result indicates that either bite force or the pharyngeal apparatus gape (i.e., the distance between the pharyngeal teeth and keratinous pad) limited successful crushing of engulfed shells. Bivalve predation by black carp is limited by both a fish’s ability to engulf prey and the ability to fracture the shell of larger prey items that cannot be broken or swallowed whole. The results of this research may be used to assess potential prey sizes of wild black carp and anticipated effects of predation on bivalve communities.

Journal of Applied Ichthyology↗