Results for “Image Technology” — Page 2

USGS2024

A transferable approach for quantifying benthic fish sizes and densities in annotated underwater images

1. Benthic fishes are a common target of scientific monitoring but are difficult to quantify because of their close association to bottom habitats that are hard to access. Advances in image-acquisition technologies, machine vision, and deep learning have made capturing and quantifying fishes with cameras increasingly feasible. We present a method and open-source software called ‘FishScale’ to estimate benthic fish lengths, numeric abundance, and biomass density in underwater environments assessed with down-looking monocular images. 2. ‘FishScale’ estimates fish abundances and size frequencies from near-nadir monocular images where fish have already been semantically segmented. The software accounts for lens distortion, underwater magnification effects, and fish body curvature to automatically estimate fish lengths and the areas of images where they were captured. Numeric and biomass density are estimated through a deterministic machine vision algorithm that requires a user-provided length-weight relationship for species of interest and calibration images. 3. Results from validation studies show that lengths and weights can be estimated with high accuracy and precision for round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) captured in distorted action camera images, and from large-bodied lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) imaged with a machine vision camera. The real-world utility of the approach is demonstrated in a case study estimating round goby abundances and size frequencies along a 10.7-km transect surveyed with an autonomous underwater vehicle in Lake Michigan, USA. 4. Our validation studies demonstrate that the approach estimates benthic and benthopelagic fish lengths and weights with little bias and good accuracy and precision for species with much different body shapes and sizes. The method is applicable to data collected using a variety of nadir imaging approaches with widespread applications to fisheries monitoring and quantification of any species or object for which nadir images and working distances between the camera and feature of interest are available.

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin↗

USGS2001

Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: integrating remote sensing, GIS, and biophysical modeling

Fuel maps are essential for computing spatial fire hazard and risk and simulating fire growth and intensity across a landscape. However, fuel mapping is an extremely difficult and complex process requiring expertise in remotely sensed image classification, fire behavior, fuels modeling, ecology, and geographical information systems (GIS). This paper first presents the challenges of mapping fuels: canopy concealment, fuelbed complexity, fuel type diversity, fuel variability, and fuel model generalization. Then, four approaches to mapping fuels are discussed with examples provided from the literature: (1) field reconnaissance; (2) direct mapping methods; (3) indirect mapping methods; and (4) gradient modeling. A fuel mapping method is proposed that uses current remote sensing and image processing technology. Future fuel mapping needs are also discussed which include better field data and fuel models, accurate GIS reference layers, improved satellite imagery, and comprehensive ecosystem models.

International Journal of Wildland Fire↗

USGS2018

Fish behavior and abundance monitoring near a floating surface collector in North Fork Reservoir, Clackamas River, Oregon, using multi-beam acoustic imaging sonar

An imaging sonar was used to assess the behavior and abundance of fish sized the same as salmonid smolt and bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ) at the entrance to the juvenile fish floating surface collector (FSC) at North Fork Reservoir, Oregon. The purpose of the FSC is to collect downriver migrating juvenile salmonids (Chinook salmon [ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ], Coho salmon [ Oncorhynchus kisutch ], and steelhead [ Oncorhynchus mykiss ]) at the North Fork Dam and to safely route them around the hydroelectric projects. The objective of the imaging sonar component of this study was to assess the behaviors of both smolt and predator-size fish (smolt [60–250 millimeter] and predator 350–650 [millimeter]) observed near the FSC and to determine if the presence of predator-size fish influenced the abundance of smolt-size fish. An imaging sonar was deployed near the entrance to the FSC during the spring smolt out-migration period. The imaging sonar technology was an informative tool for assessing abundance and spatial and temporal behaviors of both smolt and predator-size fish near the entrance of the FSC. Both smolt and predator-size fish were regularly observed near the entrance, with greater abundances observed during day than during night. Behavioral differences were also observed between the two fish-size classes, with smolt-size fish traveling straighter with more directed movement, and predator-size fish generally showing more milling behavior. Additionally, the presence of predator-size fish may be effecting the abundance and direction of travel of smolt-size fish, as counts of smolt-size fish were reduced in conjunction with the presence of predator-size fish and a greater proportion of smolt-size fish were observed traveling away from the FSC when predator-size fish were present than when predator-size fish were absent. Results of modeling potential predator-prey interactions and influences indicated that both the number of juvenile fish tracks and photoperiod had the strongest effects on the number of predator fish tracks, with more predator-size fish tracks observed as the number of smolt-size fish tracks increased. Overall, the results indicate that predator-size fish are present near the entrance of the FSC, concomitant with smolt-size fish, and their abundances and behaviors indicate that they may be drawn to the entrance of the FSC because of the abundance of prey-sized fish found there.

Oregon↗

USGS2022

Monitoring fish abundance and behavior, using multi-beam acoustic imaging sonar, at a Selective Water Withdrawal structure in Lake Billy Chinook, Deschutes River, Oregon, 2020

Collection of juvenile salmonids at Round Butte Dam is a critical part of the effort to enhance populations of anadromous fish species in the upper Deschutes River because fish that are not collected at the dam may either incur increased mortality during dam passage or remain landlocked and lost to the anadromous fish population. Adaptive resolution imaging sonar systems were used to assess the behavior, abundance, and timing of fish at the entrance to the Selective Water Withdrawal (SWW) intake and fish collection structure located in the forebay of Round Butte Dam during the spring of 2020. The purpose of the SWW is to direct surface currents in the forebay to attract and collect downriver migrating juvenile salmonid smolts (Chinook salmon [ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ], sockeye salmon [ O. nerka ], and steelhead [ O. mykiss ]) from Lake Billy Chinook and to enable operators of the SWW to withdraw water from surface and benthic elevations in the reservoir to manage downriver water temperatures. The objective of this study was to assess the abundance and behaviors of smolt-size fish (95–300 millimeters) observed near the SWW and to determine if the presence of bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus; >350 millimeters), the predominant predator of juvenile salmonids, influenced the behavior of downriver migrants. Two imaging sonar units were deployed during the spring of 2020 smolt out-migration period. One unit monitored fish movements near the entrances and one unit monitored in one of the collection flumes of the SWW. The imaging sonar technology was informative for assessing abundance and spatial and temporal behaviors of smolt and bull trout-size fish. Smolt and bull trout-size fish were regularly observed near the entrance to and in the collection flume. Increased abundances were observed during the night, with corresponding increased discharge through the SWW, compared to during the day when discharge was reduced. Behavioral differences also were observed at different discharge rates, with smolt-size fish exhibiting more directed movement toward the collector during periods of increased discharge. Additionally, the presence of bull trout-size fish may have affected the behavior of smolt-size fish because a greater percentage of smolt-size fish were observed traveling away from the SWW when bull trout-size fish were present than when bull trout-size fish were absent. Increased counts of bull trout-size fish coincided with the increased abundances of smolt-size fish. Overall, the results indicate that smolt-size fish are more abundant near the entrance and in the flume of the SWW during periods of increased discharge, and bull trout-size fish were present at the SWW and may have affected smolt collection.

Oregon↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, Lunae Palus quadrangle, MC-10

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393.4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, Memnonia quadrangle, MC-16

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U. S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, MC-18, Coprates Quadrangle

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, Margaritifer Sinus Quadrangle, MC-19

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high - frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U. S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, Sinus Sabaeus Quadrangle, MC-20

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars, Iapygia Quadrangle, MC-21

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Alas of Mars chart, Mare Tyrrhenum Quadrangle, MC-22

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars chart, Aeolis Quadrangle, MC-23

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars chart, Thaumasia Quadrangle, MC-25

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1973

Atlas of Mars chart, Argyre Quadrangle, MC-26

This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey. Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973). Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1985

PROCEDURES FOR ACCURATE PRODUCTION OF COLOR IMAGES FROM SATELLITE OR AIRCRAFT MULTISPECTRAL DIGITAL DATA.

Because the display and interpretation of satellite and aircraft remote-sensing data make extensive use of color film products, accurate reproduction of the color images is important. To achieve accurate color reproduction, the exposure and chemical processing of the film must be monitored and controlled. By using a combination of sensitometry, densitometry, and transfer functions that control film response curves, all of the different steps in the making of film images can be monitored and controlled. Because a sensitometer produces a calibrated exposure, the resulting step wedge can be used to monitor the chemical processing of the film. Step wedges put on film by image recording machines provide a means of monitoring the film exposure and color balance of the machines.

Journal of Imaging Technology↗

USGS1985

Digital to Analog Conversion and Visual Evaluation of Thematic Mapper Data

As a part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Landsat D Image Data Quality Analysis Program, the Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center (EDC) developed procedures to optimize the visual information content of Thematic Mapper data and evaluate the resulting photographic products by visual interpretation. A digital-to-analog transfer function was developed which would properly place the digital values on the most useable portion of a film response curve. Individual black-and-white transparencies generated using the resulting look-up tables were utilized in the production of color-composite images with varying band combinations. Four experienced photointerpreters ranked 2-cm-diameter (0. 75 inch) chips of selected image features of each band combination for ease of interpretability. A nonparametric rank-order test determined the significance of interpreter preference for the band combinations.

Journal of Imaging Technology↗

USGS1987

Landsat Image Map Production Methods at the U. S. Geological Survey

To maintain consistently high quality in satellite image map production, the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed standard procedures for the photographic and digital production of Landsat image mosaics, and for lithographic printing of multispectral imagery. This paper gives a brief review of the photographic, digital, and lithographic procedures currently in use for producing image maps from Landsat data. It is shown that consistency in the printing of image maps is achieved by standardizing the materials and procedures that affect the image detail and color balance of the final product. Densitometric standards are established by printing control targets using the pressplates, inks, pre-press proofs, and paper to be used for printing.

Journal of Imaging Technology↗

USGS1970

Surveying the earth from 20,000 miles

Current space programs aimed at monitoring the earth's resources concentrate on the lower orbital altitudes of 100 to 500 nautical miles. An earth synchronous (geo-stationary) orbit is 19,400 n. mi. above the earth. A powerful telephoto camera at such a location can monitor and record many time-variant phenomena far more effectively than instruments at lower altitudes. The geo-stationary systems characteristics and problem areas related to optics and telemetry are outlined and detailed, and on-going programs are discussed as they relate to the geo-stationary system.

Image Technology↗