USGS2020
Executive Summary Larval Pacific lamprey live for several years burrowed in nearshore sediments where they filter feed on detritus and organic matter. Dewatering of larval habitat can occur as a result of flow-management practices, construction projects, or seasonal closures of irrigation diversions. Effective management of dewatering events requires guidance on approaches to protect lamprey, such as dewatering rates and light conditions (day or night) that allow lamprey the best opportunity to relocate water and avoid being stranded. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments comparing five dewatering rates (1, 1.8, 4, 8, and 16 inches per hour [in/h]) and two light conditions (light and dark) to evaluate their effectiveness in protecting larval lamprey. We used a tank with a simulated shoreline at a 10-percent slope filled with river sediment and manipulated the outflow to control the rate of dewatering until water was covering only the sediment in the lowest tank section, at the bottom of the slope. Following dewatering, larvae were classified as either stranded (in or on the substrate outside the watered area) or safe (relocated to the wetted area at the lower end of the tank). All study groups experienced high rates of stranding. The lowest stranding rates were for 1 in/h, in both light (77 percent) and dark (80 percent). Faster dewatering rates generally produced higher percentages of stranded fish, and both the dark and light trials at 16 in/h stranded all larvae. At each of the five dewatering rates, trials conducted in the dark stranded the same or higher proportions of fish than the corresponding trial conducted in the light, so there was no clear advantage to dewatering during dark conditions. The largest contribution to stranding rates for all study groups was the high number of larvae (50–80 percent) that did not initiate movement in response to dewatering and remained in the uppermost tank section where they were stocked at the start of the trials. The proportion of larvae that emerged from the sediment during dewatering trials was approximately 30 percent, and fish that emerged were consistently smaller than those that remained burrowed. Combining all dewatering rates, emergence was 31.3 percent for groups under dark conditions and 30.7 percent for groups under light conditions. We recorded the timing of emergence for 58 larvae and their median time to emerge (after the surface of the sediment in the uppermost tank section was dewatered) was 0.62 hour (h) (range 0–4.5 h). We measured larval movement rates and found that large fish moved faster than small fish. Differences in larval movement rate based on light condition were significant only for large fish, which had a significantly faster rate during light conditions. Larval lamprey moved, over short distances, at rates that exceeded the fastest dewatering rate we tested. The mean movement rates for groups ranged from 19.0 to 44.4 centimeters per minute [cm/min]) and the fastest dewatering rate (16 in/h) is equivalent to less than 1 cm/min. Only the slowest movement rate measured, 6.6 cm/min for one individual lamprey, was slower than the fastest dewatering rate. We also investigated lamprey responses to a series of dewatering and rewatering events. Individual larvae were held in cylinders and exposed to four cycles of dewatering and rewatering using dewatering rates of 1 and 16 in/h and a rewatering rate of 2 in/h. Each dewatering rate was tested under both dark and light conditions. The location of fish, either on the surface of the sediment or burrowed, was recorded after each dewatering event for four rounds. The most common individual fish response for all study groups was to remain burrowed through all four rounds, and there were large differences in response between small and large larvae. Overall for small larvae, combining all groups, 14 of 28 fish emerged, and of those, 8 died and 1 was lethargic. The 1-in/h rate had 7 of the 8 mortalities, split about equally between the dark (3 fish) and light (4 fish) trials. All but one fish that died emerged from the sediment at some point during the four rounds of dewatering. Large larvae predominantly remained burrowed in all four rounds and did not experience any mortality. None of the large fish emerged for more than a single round, and emergence occurred only in the first and second rounds. Larvae emerged more quickly as the number of dewatering events increased. The mean time to emerge after the surface of the sediment in the tube was dewatered, combing all four groups, was 42 minutes (min) in round 1 (14 fish), 16 min in round 2 (5 fish), 11 min in round 3 (3 fish), and 8 minutes in round 4 (3 fish). When all groups and rounds of dewatering were combined, the overall mean time to emerge was 29 min (25 fish) and ranged from 1 min to 2 hours after the surface of the sediment was dewatered. Larvae burrowed deeper during the 1-in/h trials than the 16-in/h trials, and few fish were deeper than about 23 centimeters (cm). Large larvae burrowed deeper than small larvae. Small larvae were most concentrated from 0 to 7.6 cm (83.7 percent), and large fish were concentrated from 15.2 to 22.8 cm (43.3 percent). The second dewatering event resulted in greater mean burrowing depth than the first event, but trends after the second event were less clear. Larval size played a role in lamprey responses to dewatering, having a significant effect on emergence, movement rate, and vertical distribution. The sediment used for laboratory testing or occupied by lamprey in the field appears to affect lamprey response to dewatering and deserves greater attention in future studies. Larvae were more active in the dark, but darkness did not consistently provide better outcomes (e.g., more emergence or reduced stranding) compared to daylight. An improved understanding of the cues that prompt larvae to emerge from the sediment, combined with the ability to manage dewatering rates, would be useful to guide future dewatering events to minimize negative effects to lamprey.