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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
USGS1979

Evaluation of methods for estimating ground-water withdrawals in western Kansas

During 1978, methods of estimating ground-water withdrawals in western Kansas were examined and evaluated, using both existing data from the files of the U.S. Geological Survey and newly collected data. Values for annual ground-water withdrawals reported to the Division of Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, by water users probably contain substantial errors because most individual users do not possess the means to measure or accurately estimate the discharge rates of their wells. Such reported values are estimated to average 10 to 15 percent higher than the actual discharge rate. Values obtained from discharge-totaling meters are reasonably accurate, but few wells are equipped with these meters, and the cost of equipping all wells with meters may be prohibitive. Measured rates of power consumption can give good estimates of total withdrawal from wells where the power consumption is measured. However, power-consumption values cannot be extrapolated reliably from one well to another. Three techniques are regarded as promising for estimating areal ground-water withdrawals from readily collected data: Examination of a small sample of withdrawal values from metered wells indicates that the statistical approach used by Luckey (1972) may be applied to western Kansas to estimate total withdrawal with acceptable accuracy in a large area from a statistical sample of measured values. Measured values of irrigation application at a small number of selected wells might be used to compute total withdrawal for irrigation by crop type and precipitation zone. Evaluation of reported values of irrigation-water application for selected crops in zones of generally similar precipitation showed that, although the reported values are judged to be erroneously high, the reported values were consistent with each other and with average precipitation. Power-consumption coefficients may be used to calculate an average coefficient for an area. The method described by Luckey (1972) was used to calculate the number of power-consumption coefficients that would have to be determined to estimate the mean power consumption of wells pumped by electric or natural-gas engines. The results indicate that as few as 100 values would produce results accurate to within 10 percent of the true average at the 95-percent confidence level. Thus, power coefficients for a particular type of irrigation system in any given area can be used even though values of power coefficients have little transfer value from well to well. Efforts by the Instrument Development Laboratofy of the U.S. Geological Survey to design improved instruments for measuring ground-water withdrawals have produced two promising results: An electronic running-time meter (Running-time Sentry) that was tested during 1978 in western Kansas and Florida appears to give accurate values of total pumping time. Large-scale testing of this prototype running-time meter is planned for 1979. A low-cost discharge-totaling meter (REELTOT), based on the concept of sensing the velocity head in a pipe with differential-pressure transducers permanently installed in the pipe, is nearly complete. Early prototypes of this instrument may be tested in western Kansas during 1979. For the remainder of this study, the three techniques for estimating areal ground-water withdrawals described above will be tested on a larger scale in Groundwater Management District No. 1, an area of about 1,800 square miles in west-central Kansas. About 150 randomly selected wells will be equipped with Running-time Sentry units and monitored for total withdrawal, instantaneous discharge, and power consumption. A few wells will be equipped with prototype discharge-totaling meters. The performance of the Sentry units and discharge-totaling meters will be evaluated. Areal estimates of withdrawal from measured withdrawal values, from average power-consumption coefficients, and from irrigation application by crop will be calculated and compared with each other and with reported values of withdrawal.

Kansas↗
USGS1952

Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1951

Ground-water studies in the Missouri River Basin were begun by the United States Geological Survey during the fall of 1945 as a part of the program for development of the resources of the basin by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and other Federal Agencies. The studies of the ground-water resources in the part of Kansas that lies within the Basin have been coordinated with the cooperative program of ground-water studies already being made in Kansas by the U.S. Geological Survey, the State Geological Survey of Kansas, the Division of Sanitation of the Kansas State Board of Health, and the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Areas in which ground-water data have been collected for the Missouri Basin program include the Almena Unit in Norton and Phillips Counties; the Bostwick Unit in Jewell, Republic, and Cloud Counties; the Cedar Bluff Unit in Ellis, Rush, and Trego Counties; the Glen Elder Unit in Mitchell County; Kanopolis unit in Ellsworth, McPherson, and Saline Counties; Kirwin unit in Phillips, Smith, and Osborne Counties; the Ladder Creek project in Greeley, Gove, Lane, Logan, Scott, Wallace, and Wichita Counties; the St. Francis unit in Cheyenne County; the Webster Unit in Osborne County; and the Wilson Unit in Lincoln County. Data relating to the Ladder Creek project will be published later in a separate report. This report is the fifth of a series of annual reports on ground-water in the above-named units in Kansas and contains the data collected mostly during 1951. An index to the data that were collected and presented in the 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, and 1951 reports is given in table 1.

Kansas↗
USGS2008

Ground- and surface-water chemistry of Handcart Gulch, Park County, Colorado, 2003-2006

As part of a multidisciplinary project to determine the processes that control ground-water chemistry and flow in mineralized alpine environments, ground- and surface-water samples from Handcart Gulch, Colorado were collected for analysis of inorganic solutes and water and dissolved sulfate stable isotopes in selected samples. The primary aim of this study was to document variations in ground-water chemistry in Handcart Gulch and to identify changes in water chemistry along the receiving stream of Handcart Gulch. Water analyses are reported for ground-water samples collected from 12 wells in Handcart Gulch, Colorado. Samples were collected between August 2003 and October 2005. Water analyses for surface-water samples are reported for 50 samples collected from Handcart Gulch and its inflows during a low-flow tracer injection on August 6, 2003. In addition, water analyses are reported for three other Handcart Gulch stream samples collected in September 2005 and March 2006. Reported analyses include field parameters (pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Eh), major and trace constituents, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of water and oxygen and sulfur isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate. Ground-water samples from this study are Ca-SO4 type and range in pH from 2.5 to 6.8. Most of the samples (75 percent) have pH values between 3.3 and 4.3. Surface water samples are also Ca-SO4 type and have a narrower range in pH (2.7?4.0). Ground- and surface-water samples vary from relatively dilute (specific conductance of 68 ?S/cm) to concentrated (specific conductance of 2,000 ?S/cm).

Colorado↗
USGS1949

Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of the Lower Missouri-Souris Unit; Part 1, Crosby-Mohall area, North Dakota

The Crosby-Mohall area covers about 2,700 square miles in the north- western part of North Dakota. This area is included in the 2,500,000-acre Missouri-Souris and Garrison Diversion irrigation projects,which are im portant units in the general plans for development of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin. Although the Crosby-Mohall area lies outside the drainage basin of the Missouri River, plans have been made for the irrigation of about 1,000,0)0 acres (equivalent to 1,560 square miles) of the most suitable land, with water brought by canal from the Missouri River in Montana. The studies that have been undertaken in the area by the Division of Ground Water of the United States Geological Survey form a part of the investigations which have been initiated by the Survey and several other bureaus of the Department of the Interior, especially the Bureau of Reclamation. The studies on which the present report is bas2 were made during the field seasons of 1945, 1946 and 1947, to obtain information on the occurrence, movement, quantity, and quality of the ground water. The report contains data on the several kinds of water-bearing materials, water analyses, and well logs; the records of fluctuation of water level in about 400 wells; and an inventory of 4,636 wells and test holes. Later studies for the whole of the Missouri-Souris Unit will supply additional data on ground-water levels and piezometric surfaces, more extensive information on quality of water, a complete inventory of wells, and further geologic information relating to ground-water supplies. Other work that is planned also includes the drilling of additional test holes and the analysis of water samples from representative wells throughout the area.

North Dakota↗
USGS1990

Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations

This report documents PCG2: a numerical code to be used with the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. PCG2 uses the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method to solve the equations produced by the model for hydraulic head. Linear or nonlinear flow conditions may be simulated. PCG2 includes two reconditioning options: modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioning, which is efficient on scalar computers; and polynomial preconditioning, which requires less computer storage and, with modifications that depend on the computer used, is most efficient on vector computers. Convergence of the solver is determined using both head-change and residual criteria. Nonlinear problems are solved using Picard iterations. This documentation provides a description of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method and the two preconditioners, detailed instructions for linking PCG2 to the modular model, sample data inputs, a brief description of PCG2, and a FORTRAN listing.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗
USGS2003

Use of boundary fluxes when simulating solute transport with the MODFLOW ground-water transport process

This report describes modifications to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) threedimensional solute-transport model (MODFLOWGWT), which is incorporated into the USGS MODFLOW ground-water model as the Ground- Water Transport (GWT) Process. The modifications improve the capability of MODFLOW-GWT to accurately simulate solute transport in simulations that represent a nonzero flux across an aquifer boundary. In such situations, the new Boundary Flux Package (BFLX) will allow the user flexibility to assign the flux to specific cell faces, although that flexibility is limited for certain types of fluxes (such as recharge and evapotranspiration, which can only be assigned to the top face if either is to be represented as a boundary flux). The approach is consistent with that used in the MODPATH model. The application of the BFLX Package was illustrated using a test case in which the Lake Package was active. The results using the BFLX Package showed noticeably higher magnitudes of velocity in the cells adjacent to the lake than previous results without the BFLX Package. Consequently, solute was transported slightly faster through the lake-aquifer system when the BFLX Package is active. However, the overall solute distributions did not differ greatly from simulations made without using the BFLX Package.

Open-File Report↗
USGS1950

Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of part of the Oahe Unit, James River Division, South Dakota

The Oahe Unit, in the James River basin in eastern South Dakota, extends for about 100 miles north and south and is 20 to 80 miles wide, having the river as its east border. The Oahe irrigation project is planned to supply water to 750,000 to 1,500,000 acres of the most suitable land within the area. The studies that have been undertaken in the Oahe area by the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey form a part of the investigations which are being carried on by several bureaus of the Department of the Interior and other government agencies for the conservation, control and utilization of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin. The field studies on which the present report is based were made during May 1947 through November 1948 and cover about 1,890 square miles in the southern part of the Oahe area. Data were collected on the character of the surficial geological deposits, and on the occurrence, movement, quantity, and quality of the groundwater supplies. The report describes the several water-bearing formations and presents nine typical logs of deep artesian wells. The records of fluctuation of the water table in 168 wells in or near the Oahe area are listed. Tabulated inventory of 3,257 wells and springs includes information on the observation wells and on all other wells that were noted within the area examined.

South Dakota↗
USGS1978

Ground-water data, 1974-76, Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino Counties, California

Water-level measurements were made annually in 115 wells in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino Counties, Calif., in 1974-76. In the Inyokern area the average water-level decline was 2.0 ft for two wells between October 1973 and November 1976. In the intermediate area the average decline was 6.2 ft for five wells between October 1973 and December 1976. In the Ridgecrest area the average decline was 4.5 ft for four wells between October 1973 and December 1976 but was 10.3 ft for one well during the same period. Reported metered ground-water pumpage from Indian Wells Valley totaled 14,400 acre-ft in 1974, 14,500 acre-ft in 1975, and 14,100 acre-ft in 1976. These figures may not completely reflect the total pumpage from the basin due to changing patterns of land use and new pumping sources. Chemical analyses were made of 102 water samples collected from 42 wells during 1974-76. The analyses show large variance of quality of ground water in Indian Wells Valley. (Woodard-USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS1996

Bibliography of selected water-resources publications by the U.S. Geological Survey for North Carolina, 1886-1995

More than 660 selected publications, written by scientists, engineers, and technicians of the U.S. Geological Survey during the period 1886-1995, compose the bulk of information about North Carolina?s water resources. The bibliography includes interpretive reports on water resources, ground water, surface water, water quality, and public-water supply and water use, as well as data reports on the same subjects. The interpretive reports are organized by geographic areas of the State. These areas include statewide, physiographic province, major river basin, and county. The data reports are listed by water-resource topic, and the introduction to each topic provides historical notes for data-collection and publication activities. Summary tables list Water-Supply Paper numbers for reports containing ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality data by calendar year or water year. A concluding section discusses the availability of U.S. Geological Survey publications.

North Carolina↗
USGS2005

Organic wastewater compounds, pharmaceuticals, and coliphage in ground water receiving discharge from onsite wastewater treatment systems near La Pine, Oregon: Occurrence and implications for transport

The occurrence of organic wastewater compounds (components of 'personal care products' and other common household chemicals), pharmaceuticals (human prescription and nonprescription medical drugs), and coliphage (viruses that infect coliform bacteria, and found in high concentrations in municipal wastewater) in onsite wastewater (septic tank effluent) and in a shallow, unconfined, sandy aquifer that serves as the primary source of drinking water for most residents near La Pine, Oregon, was documented. Samples from two types of observation networks provided basic occurrence data for onsite wastewater and downgradient ground water. One observation network was a group of 28 traditional and innovative (advanced treatment) onsite wastewater treatment systems and associated downgradient drainfield monitoring wells, referred to as the 'innovative systems network'. The drainfield monitoring wells were located adjacent to or under onsite wastewater treatment system drainfield lines. Another observation network, termed the 'transect network', consisted of 31 wells distributed among three transects of temporary, stainless-steel-screened, direct-push monitoring wells installed along three plumes of onsite wastewater. The transect network, by virtue of its design, also provided a basis for increased understanding of the transport of analytes in natural systems. Coliphage were frequently detected in onsite wastewater. Coliphage concentrations in onsite wastewater were highly variable, ranging from less than 1 to 3,000,000 plaque forming units per 100 milliliters. Coliphage were occasionally detected (eight occurrences) at low concentrations in samples from wells located downgradient from onsite wastewater treatment system drainfield lines. However, coliphage concentrations were below method detection limits in replicate or repeat samples collected from the eight sites. The consistent absence of coliphage detections in the replicate or repeat samples is interpreted to indicate that the detections reported for ground-water samples represented low-level field or laboratory contamination, and it would appear that coliphage were effectively attenuated to less than 1 PFU/100 mL over distances of several feet of transport in the La Pine aquifer and (or) overlying unsaturated zone. Organic wastewater compounds were frequently detected in onsite wastewater. Of the 63 organic wastewater compounds in the analytical schedule, 45 were detected in the 21 samples of onsite wastewater. Concentrations of organic wastewater compounds reached a maximum of 1,300 ug/L (p-cresol). Caffeine was detected at concentrations as high as 320 ug/L. Fourteen of the 45 compounds were detected in more than 90 percent of onsite wastewater samples. Fewer (nine) organic wastewater compounds were detected in ground water, despite the presence of nitrate and chloride likely from onsite wastewater sources. The nine organic wastewater compounds that were detected in ground-water samples were acetyl-hexamethyl-tetrahydro-naphthalene (AHTN), caffeine, cholesterol, hexahydrohexamethyl-cyclopentabenzopyran, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), tetrachloroethene, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris (dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate. Frequent detection of household-chemical type organic wastewater compounds in onsite wastewater provides evidence that some of these organic wastewater compounds may be useful indicators of human waste effluent dispersal in some hydrologic environments. The occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in ground water downgradient from onsite wastewater treatment systems demonstrates that a subgroup of organic wastewater compounds is transported in the La Pine aquifer. The consistently low concentrations (generally less than 1 ug/L) of organic wastewater compounds in water samples collected from wells located no more than 19 feet from drainfield lines indicates that the reactivity (sorption, degradation) of this suite of organic waste.

Oregon↗
USGS2007

Assessment of artificial recharge at Sand Hollow Reservoir, Washington County, Utah, updated to conditions through 2006

Sand Hollow, Utah, is the site of a surface-water reservoir completed in March 2002 and operated by the Washington County Water Conservancy District (WCWCD) primarily as an aquifer storage and recovery project. The reservoir is an off-channel facility that receives water from the Virgin River, diverted near the town of Virgin, Utah. Hydrologic data collected are described and listed in this report, including ground-water levels, reservoir stage, reservoir-water temperature, meteorology, evaporation, and estimated ground-water recharge. Since the construction of the reservoir in 2002, diversions from the Virgin River have resulted in generally rising stage and surface area. Large spring run-off volumes during 2005-06 allowed the WCWCD to fill the reservoir to near capacity, with a surface area of about 1,300 acres in 2006. Reservoir stage reached a record altitude of about 3,060 feet in May 2006, resulting in a depth of nearly 90 feet and a reservoir storage of about 51,000 acre-feet. Water temperature in the reservoir shows large seasonal variation and has ranged from about 5 to 32?C. Estimated ground-water recharge rates have ranged from 0.01 to 0.43 feet per day. Estimated recharge volumes have ranged from about 200 to about 3,500 acre-feet per month. Total ground-water recharge from March 2002 through August 2006 is estimated to be about 51,000 acre-feet. Estimated evaporation rates have varied from 0.05 to 0.97 feet per month, resulting in evaporation losses of 20 to 1,200 acre-feet per month. Total evaporation from March 2002 through August 2006 is estimated to be about 17,000 acre-feet. The combination of generally declining recharge rates and increasing reservoir altitude and area explains the trend of an increasing ratio of evaporation to recharge volume over time, with the total volume of water lost through evaporation nearly as large as the volume of ground-water recharge during the first 8 months of 2006. With removal of the viscosity effects (caused by seasonal water temperature variations), the intrinsic permeability indicates a large seasonal variation in clogging, with large winter increases likely caused by a combination of both decreased biofilms and the reduced volume of trapped gas bubbles.

Utah↗
USGS2008

Potentiometric Surfaces in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark Aquifers of Northwestern Arkansas, Southeastern Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, and Northeastern Oklahoma, 2006

The Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers are important sources of ground water in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system. Water from these aquifers is used for agricultural, domestic, industrial, and municipal water sources. Changing water use over time in these aquifers presents a need for updated potentiometric-surface maps of the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers. The Springfield Plateau aquifer consists of water-bearing Mississippian-age limestone and chert. The Ozark aquifer consists of Late Cambrian to Middle Devonian age water-bearing rocks consisting of dolostone, limestone, and sandstone. Both aquifers are complex with areally varying lithologies, discrete hydrologic units, varying permeabilities, and secondary permeabilities related to fractures and karst features. During the spring of 2006, ground-water levels were measured in 285 wells. These data, and water levels from selected lakes, rivers, and springs, were used to create potentiometric-surface maps for the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers. Linear kriging was used initially to construct the water-level contours on the maps; the contours were subsequently modified using hydrologic judgment. The potentiometric-surface maps presented in this report represent ground-water conditions during the spring of 2006. During the spring of 2006, the region received less than average rainfall. Dry conditions prior to the spring of 2006 could have contributed to the observed water levels as well. The potentiometric-surface map of the Springfield Plateau aquifer shows a maximum measured water-level altitude within the study area of about 1,450 feet at a spring in Barry County, Missouri, and a minimum measured water-level altitude of 579 feet at a well in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Cones of depression occur in Dade, Lawrence and Newton Counties in Missouri and Delaware and Ottawa Counties in Oklahoma. These cones of depression are associated with private wells. Ground water in the Springfield Plateau aquifer generally flows to the west in the study area, and to surface features (lakes, rivers, and springs) particularly in the south and east of the study area where the Springfield Plateau aquifer is closest to land surface. The potentiometric-surface map of the Ozark aquifer indicates a maximum measured water-level altitude of 1,303 feet in the study area at a well in Washington County, Arkansas, and a minimum measured water-level altitude of 390 feet in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. The water in the Ozark aquifer generally flows to the northwest in the northern part of the study area and to the west in the remaining study area. Cones of depression occur in Barry, Barton, Cedar, Jasper, Lawrence, McDonald, Newton, and Vernon Counties in Missouri, Cherokee and Crawford Counties in Kansas, and Craig and Ottawa Counties in Oklahoma. These cones of depression are associated with municipal supply wells. The flow directions, based on both potentiometric-surface maps, generally agree with flow directions indicated by previous studies.

Scientific Investigations Report↗
USGS1981

Water resources data, Washington, water year 1981: Vol. 2 - Eastern Washington

Water-resources data for the 1981 water year for Washington consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water. This report, in two volumes, contains records for water discharge at 229 gaging stations; stage only at 5 gaging stations; stage and contents at 39 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 39 gaging stations (including 6 lakes and reservoirs) and 100 wells; and water levels at 164 observation wells. Also included are data for 14 crest-stage and 28 water-quality partial-record stations. Locations of sites in this volume are on figures 4, 5, 6, and 22. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the national Water Data system operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Washington.

Washington↗
USGS1996

Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations

Ground-water samples, core samples, and hydrologic measurements were obtained in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer as part of the pilot National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This report examines ground-water recharge and discharge, the potentiometric surface, the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, and the abundances and textures of minerals in core materials to determine the rates and directions of ground-water flow and the geochemical reactions occurring within the aquifer.

Oklahoma↗
USGS1965

Ground water in Jordan Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah

This article was compiled largely from a technical report on ground-water conditions in the Jordan Valley which was prepared as part of a cooperative program between the Utah State Engineer and the U.S. Geological Survey to study the water resources of Utah. If you would like to read the more detailed technical discusion, see “Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Jordan Valley, Utah” by I. Wendell Marine and Don Price. It is Water-Resources Bulletin No. 7 of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey.

Utah↗
USGS2006

Use of the Multi-Node Well (MNW) package when simulating solute transport with the MODFLOW ground-water transport process

This report describes modifications to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) three-dimensional solute-transport model (MODFLOW-GWT), which is incorporated into the USGS MODFLOW ground-water model as the Ground-Water Transport (GWT) Process. The modifications were made to create compatibility between the Multi-Node Well (MNW) Package for MODFLOW and the MODFLOW-GWT model. This compatibility improves the capability of MODFLOW-GWT to represent accurately solute transport in simulations that include multi-node wells because long-screen wells or long open boreholes that extend through multiple model layers can provide fast pathways for solutes to move from one location to another in a ground-water flow system. For nonpumping multi-node wells (used to simulate open boreholes or observation wells, for example), a simple routing and local mixing model was developed to calculate nodal concentrations within the borehole. A depth-averaged concentration is calculated for such nonpumping wells. For pumping multi-node wells (either withdrawal or injection) in which the flow between the well and the ground-water system is in the same direction at all nodes, the average concentration in the well is calculated as a flux-based mean assuming complete and instantaneous mixing in the wellbore of all inflows. For pumping multi-node wells (either withdrawal or injection) in which the flow between the well and the ground-water system is not unidirectional, the concentration distribution within the well is calculated using the same routing and local mixing model used for a nonpumping multi-node well, with the added assumption that the flux pumped in or out of the well is added or removed above the first well node.

Techniques and Methods↗
USGS1999

Documentation for HYDMOD; a program for extracting and processing time-series data from the U.S. Geological Survey's modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model

This report presents a FORTRAN computer program that generates simulated time-series data as output from the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model at user-specified point locations or a collection of points that compose a profile through the modeled region. The program can save time-series data at user-specified locations for simulated water levels, drawdown, critical head, compaction, subsidence, streamflow, streamflow stage, and streamflow leakage. A set of locations also can be specified to create time-series profiles through the model. These data can be used to establish the performance of the model and can help with model calibration and other forms of flow-system and water-resource analysis.

Open-File Report↗