Potential water-quality and hydrology stressors on freshwater mussels with development of environmental DNA assays for selected mussels and macroinvertebrates in Big Darby Creek Basin, Ohio, 2020–22

Abstract

The richness and abundance of freshwater mussels in the Big Darby Creek Basin has declined in recent decades, according to survey results published by the Ohio Biological Survey. In October 2016, a major mussel die-off of undetermined cause reportedly affected over 50 miles of Big Darby Creek; however, fishes and other wildlife were not noticeably impacted. Pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, and hydrologic modification have all been theorized as potential reasons for the widespread declines in freshwater mussel populations in North America. To better understand potential stressors to mussels and other aquatic organisms in the Big Darby Creek Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority, evaluated water quality and temporal changes in hydrology at selected locations. In addition, environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect the presence of selected mussels and macroinvertebrates using stream water. Time-weighted average concentrations of pesticides, organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined for selected locations within the Big Darby Creek Basin. Passive samplers designed to mimic the respiratory exposure of aquatic organisms and the bioconcentration of organic contaminants into their fatty tissues were deployed three times annually at three sites within the Big Darby Creek Basin in 2020 and 2021. Analyses were done for 204 pesticide compounds, 38 OWCs, and 33 PAHs. Of the 204 pesticide compounds, 70 were detected in at least one sample; 30 were detected in all samples. Herbicides and herbicide degradates were the pesticides most frequently detected and also had some of the highest concentrations of the pesticides detected in this study. Three herbicides (atrazine, ametryn, and metribuzin) were detected in at least 88 percent of samples and two fungicides (azoxystrobin and propiconazole) were detected in all samples. Of the 38 OWCs, 24 were detected in at least one sample; however, only one ( N , N -diethyltoluamide [DEET]) was detected in all samples. Of the 33 PAHs, 29 were detected in at least one sample; 12 were detected in all samples. A continuous water-quality monitor was operated seasonally on Big Darby Creek above Georgesville, Ohio, from 2020 to 2022. Dissolved oxygen concentrations generally followed a daily cycle, peaking in early evening and troughing around sunrise. There were occasional 24-hour swings in dissolved oxygen concentration that had a range exceeding 10 milligrams per liter. However, dissolved oxygen concentrations never fell below Ohio’s aquatic life criteria for warmwater habitats (outside of mixing zones) of 4.0 milligrams per liter as an instantaneous minimum and 5.0 milligrams per liter as a minimum 24-hour average. The Ohio water-quality criteria for temperatures are 29.4 degrees Celsius as an instantaneous maximum and 27.8 degrees Celsius as a 24-hour average maximum. In 2020, there were 10 days when the maximum instantaneous value for temperature was exceeded and 3 consecutive days when the maximum 24-hour average temperature was exceeded. Streamflow time-series data from three gaging stations within the Big Darby Creek Basin were evaluated for trends in annual flow statistics and daily nonexceedance probabilities over time. In general, the evaluation of streamflow conditions at the Big Darby Creek gage (with 97 years of record) indicated that streamflow changed between water years 1922 and 2021. During that time span, flows in general increased, the number of high-flow pulses became more frequent, and low-flow pulses and extreme low-flow periods became less frequent. The only strong indication of trends over time in annual flow statistics for the relatively short records for the other two gages (on Little Darby Creek, with 25 years of record, and Hellbranch Run, with 29 years of record) was that as time went on, reversals between rising and falling periods became more frequent. The U.S. Geological Survey Ohio Water Microbiology Laboratory developed eDNA qPCR assays to detect Epioblasma rangiana (northern riffleshell mussels), Chimarra obscura (a species of caddisfly), Maccaffertium pulchellum (a species of mayfly), and optimized a preexisting eDNA qPCR assay to detect for Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (kidneyshell mussels). The assays were validated by using environmental sampling methods. Assay sensitivity was established by determining the limits of detection and quantification. Water samples were collected at 12 sites in the Big Darby Creek Basin between 2020 and 2022 and analyzed for eDNA with the qPCR assays developed for this study.