USGS · 70128722
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C. T. Atkinson, R. J. Dusek, W. M. Iko. 1993. Avian malaria fatal to juvenile I'iwi. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70128722
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Studies by Warner in the 1950’s and van Riper in the 1970’s identified disease as a potential limiting factor in the distribution and abundance of Hawaii’s native forest birds. Mosquito-transmitted protozoan and viral infections caused by malarial parasites and pox virus were especially significant. Both organisms were introduced to the islands after the arrival of Europeans and are thought to have affected avian communities the same way that measles devastated native Hawaiian peoples.