Evaluating mountain goat population structure in Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park
Mountain goats are an iconic, climate-sensitive species across their North American alpine range. Among its nearly complete complement of native wildlife, no single species embodies Glacier National Park (GNP) more than the mountain goat. They play an important role as an alpine food source for many of the park’s carnivores including wolverines, mountain lions, and grizzly bears. Mountain goats face many increasing threats, particularly at the southern extent of their range. These include changes in precipitation and temperature, shifts in forage and fire frequency and intensity, and rapidly increasing visitation and recreation. Although the high latitude and elevations of GNP offer refugia, the mountain goat population likely declined between 2008 and 2019 and may also have a smaller distribution. In Montana, many other native mountain goat populations are also declining or have disappeared entirely. Using a combination of staff and citizen scientists, we collected fecal pellets across GNP in Montana, USA, and adjoining Waterton Lakes National Park (WLNP) in Alberta, Canada, between 2019 and 2023. We used genotypes of 6 to 19 loci microsatellites to identify individuals and assess isolation by distance, genetic structure, and genetic diversity. We found no evidence of genetic structure and only limited isolation by distance. This suggests that mountain goats in GNP and WLNP can be considered a single population, so samples can be combined across the area to estimate a single population size. Genetic diversity was similar to recent mountain goat studies conducted in other regions; allelic richness was 3.54 and inbreeding coefficients ( F IS ) ranged from 0.01–0.19, with values >0.11 only in the Livingston Range in the northwest of the study area. The high F IS in the Livingston Range suggests several closely related groups with little interchange, and perhaps a recent decrease in gene flow, both of which are consistent with a recent population decline in that area. We detected a high number of closely related individuals throughout our study area, consistent with the high adult survival, low reproductive success life history of goats, but also suggesting that we sampled much of the overall population.