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Research about Alabama, Georgia

Source-linked reports with geographic coverage including Alabama, Georgia.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2025

First evidence of natural reproduction and recruitment of reintroduced Lake Sturgeon in the Coosa River, Georgia

Objective Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fluences became extirpated from the Coosa River system in Georgia and Alabama during the 1970s. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources began stocking hatchery-raised Lake Sturgeon in 2002 with the goal of reestablishing a self-sustaining population. Stocking lapsed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed an opportunity to assess natural recruitment to the reintroduced population. Methods We conducted trammel-net surveys during May–August in 2022 and 2023 and removed a pectoral fin spine section from all captured individuals. We compared the fin spine sections of suspected naturally hatched juveniles with those from known-age, hatchery-raised juveniles to confirm our age estimates. Results We captured one age-2 juvenile Lake Sturgeon in 2022 and eight age-3 juveniles in 2023. This indicates the presence of natural recruitment due to the absence of stocking of hatchery individuals in 2020. Conclusions Documenting individuals of a year-class that was not created by hatchery-raised juveniles provides the first evidence that offspring of early reintroduced Lake Sturgeon are being recruited into the reintroduced population in the Coosa River, Georgia.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS2023

Unzipping supercontinent Pangea: Geologic, potential field data, and buried structures, and a case for sequential Atlantic opening

Amalgamation of Pangea culminated with zippered N-to-S closing of the Theic ocean during the Alleghanian orogeny. Transpressional-rotational collision produced widespread dextral faulting throughout the eastern Appalachian hinterland, and thrust faulting in the western hinterland and foreland. The partially buried southern Appalachian Eastern Piedmont fault system is a product of late Paleozoic transpressional dextral faulting. Eastern Piedmont fault system faults are cut by two 200–190 Ma Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) diabase dike sets (∼NW and N S), which postdate initial rifting, producing the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic basins. Sinistral reactivation of suitably oriented Paleozoic faults (e.g., Towaliga) that offset Jurassic dikes implies faulting is coeval with CAMP dike emplacement, or occurred very soon after 200–190 Ma dike emplacement. A large NE-striking sinistral fault (Estill fault) offsets magnetic and gravity highs in the Brunswick (Charleston) terrane in South Carolina and Georgia. This fault is at least 185 km long, with ca. 75–80 km maximum of sinistral separation. The Estill fault geometry agrees with the stress field associated with Central Atlantic Magmatic Province dike emplacement. We conclude that movement along the Estill and other sinistral faults represents Early Jurassic displacement that is well documented in eastern North America prior to Atlantic opening. The early Mesozoic post-failed rifting (basin formation) preceded dike emplacement and pre-spreading sinistral faulting. We recognize four stages in the Late Triassic–Jurassic tectonics and kinematics of eastern North America based on field, crosscutting relationships, and available geophysical data: (1) initial W-to-E failed transtensional rifting with formation of the S-to-N-younging Triassic-Jurassic basins; (2) CAMP diabase dikes intruded 200–190 Ma; (3) sinistral movement of large blocks of crust in the North Atlantic region including southeastern North America; and (4) spreading and opening of the Atlantic Ocean 195–170 Ma. These stages mark the reversal of Alleghanian rotational dextral transpressional (zippered) collision forming Pangea supercontinent and ‘unzipping’ the supercontinent prior to Atlantic opening.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS2009

Ignoring detailed fast-changing dynamics of land use overestimates regional terrestrial carbon sequestration

Land use change is critical in determining the distribution, magnitude and mechanisms of terrestrial carbon budgets at the local to global scales. To date, almost all regional to global carbon cycle studies are driven by a static land use map or land use change statistics with decadal time intervals. The biases in quantifying carbon exchange between the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere caused by using such land use change information have not been investigated. Here, we used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS), along with consistent and spatially explicit land use change scenarios with different intervals (1 yr, 5 yrs, 10 yrs and static, respectively), to evaluate the impacts of land use change data frequency on estimating regional carbon sequestration in the southeastern United States. Our results indicate that ignoring the detailed fast-changing dynamics of land use can lead to a significant overestimation of carbon uptake by the terrestrial ecosystem. Regional carbon sequestration increased from 0.27 to 0.69, 0.80 and 0.97 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 when land use change data frequency shifting from 1 year to 5 years, 10 years interval and static land use information, respectively. Carbon removal by forest harvesting and prolonged cumulative impacts of historical land use change on carbon cycle accounted for the differences in carbon sequestration between static and dynamic land use change scenarios. The results suggest that it is critical to incorporate the detailed dynamics of land use change into local to global carbon cycle studies. Otherwise, it is impossible to accurately quantify the geographic distributions, magnitudes, and mechanisms of terrestrial carbon sequestration at the local to global scales.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS2007

Chapter B. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Responses of Streams to Increasing Watershed Urbanization in the Piedmont Ecoregion of Georgia and Alabama, 2003

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program?s effort to assess the physical, chemical, and biological responses of streams to urbanization, 30 wadable streams were sampled near Atlanta, Ga., during 2002?2003. Watersheds were selected to minimize natural factors such as geology, altitude, and climate while representing a range of urban development. A multimetric urban intensity index was calculated using watershed land use, land cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic variables that are highly correlated with population density. The index was used to select sites along a gradient from low to high urban intensity. Response variables measured include stream hydrology and water temperature, instream habitat, field properties (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity), nutrients, pesticides, suspended sediment, sulfate, chloride, Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations, and characterization of algal, invertebrate and fish communities. In addition, semipermeablemembrane devices (SPMDs)?passive samplers that concentrate hydrophobic organic contaminants such as polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?were used to evaluate water-quality conditions during the 4 weeks prior to biological sampling. Changes in physical, chemical, and biological conditions were evaluated using both nonparametric correlation analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordinations and associated comparisons of dataset similarity matrices. Many of the commonly reported effects of watershed urbanization on streams were observed in this study, such as altered hydrology and increases in some chemical constituent levels. Analysis of water-chemistry data showed that specific conductance, chloride, sulfate, and pesticides increased as urbanization increased. Nutrient concentrations were not directly correlated to increases in development, but were inversely correlated to percent forest in the watershed. Analyses of SPMD-derived data showed that bioassays and certain chemical constituents such as pyrene and benzophenanthrene, both PAHs found in coal tar, were strongly correlated with measures of watershed urbanization. Hydrologic variability metrics indicated that as urban development increased, streams became flashier, with characteristic high flows having shorter duration. The hydrologic effects associated with urbanization were greatest during the fall and least apparent during the winter. No correlations were observed between increasing urbanization and stream temperature or changes in stream habitat. Algal, invertebrate, and fish communities exhibited statistically significant changes as watersheds became increasingly urban, with the strongest responses observed in the invertebrate community followed by fishes, then algal diatom communities. Invertebrate communities were the most responsive to increasing urbanization with Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera taxa, especially Plecoptera (stoneflies) responding negatively and most strongly to increasing urbanization. Invertebrate communities were influenced more significantly by water quality, although significant responses to altered hydrology also were noted. In terms of the fish community, the percentage of cyprinids present in the stream was the only Index of Biotic Integrity metric that responded negatively to increases in watershed urbanization. Fish community response to urbanization was intermediate relative to algae and invertebrates with respect to significant metric responses as well as the overall community response to increasing urbanization. Measures of hydrologic variability were the most influential environmental variables affecting the algal community. Although sites were originally chosen to represent a gradient of increasing urbanization, a cluster analysis performed on the component metrics of the urban index categorized sites into four distinct groups. Multivariate analysis based on nonmetric MDS and related analyses of data ma

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS2001

Flow and habitat effects on juvenile fish abundance in natural and altered flow regimes

Conserving biological resources native to large river systems increasingly depends on how flow-regulated segments of these rivers are managed. Improving management will require a better understanding of linkages between river biota and temporal variability of flow and instream habitat. However, few studies have quantified responses of native fish populations to multiyear (>2 yr) patterns of hydrologic or habitat variability in flow-regulated systems. To provide these data, we quantified young-of-year (YOY) fish abundance during four years in relation to hydrologic and habitat variability in two segments of the Tallapoosa River in the southeastern United States. One segment had an unregulated flow regime, whereas the other was flow-regulated by a peak-load generating hydropower dam. We sampled fishes annually and explored how continuously recorded flow data and physical habitat simulation models (PHABSIM) for spring (April-June) and summer (July-August) preceding each sample explained fish abundances. Patterns of YOY abundance in relation to habitat availability (median area) and habitat persistence (longest period with habitat area continuously above the long-term median area) differed between unregulated and flow-regulated sites. At the unregulated site, YOY abundances were most frequently correlated with availability of shallow-slow habitat in summer (10 species) and persistence of shallow-slow and shallow-fast habitat in spring (nine species). Additionally, abundances were negatively correlated with 1-h maximum flow in summer (five species). At the flow-regulated site, YOY abundances were more frequently correlated with persistence of shallow-water habitats (four species in spring; six species in summer) than with habitat availability or magnitude of flow extremes. The associations of YOY with habitat persistence at the flow-regulated site corresponded to the effects of flow regulation on habitat patterns. Flow regulation reduced median flows during spring and summer, which resulted in median availability of shallow-water habitats comparable to the unregulated site. However, habitat persistence was severely reduced by flow fluctuations resulting from pulsed water releases for peak-load power generation. Habitat persistence, comparable to levels in the unregulated site, only occurred during summer when low rainfall or other factors occasionally curtailed power generation. As a consequence, summer-spawning species numerically dominated the fish assemblage at the flow-regulated site; five of six spring-spawning species occurring at both study sites were significantly less abundant at the flow-regulated site. Persistence of native fishes in flow-regulated systems depends, in part, on the seasonal occurrence of stable habitat conditions that facilitate reproduction and YOY survival.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1997

Ground-water resources of the Tallapoosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama - Subarea 5 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins

Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACT) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the Tallapoosa River basin of Georgia and Alabama, Subarea 5 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 5 encompasses about 4,675 square miles (mi2) in Georgia and Alabama and contains parts of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces. The Piedmont Province is underlain by a two-component aquifer system that is composed of a fractured, crystalline-rock aquifer and the overlying porous-media regolith aquifer. The Coastal Plain is underlain by a porous-media aquifer formed from the poorly consolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Tallapoosa River, and in upstream areas, also to the Little Tallapoosa River and the Tallapoosa River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to steams (baseflow) is considered to approximate the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an automated hydrograph- separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground- water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow in Georgia was estimated to be 534 cubic feet per second (from the headwaters to the Georgia-Alabama State line), 3,250 ft3/s in Alabama, and 3,780 ft3/s for all of Subarea 5 (at the Subarea 5-Subarea 8 boundary). Stream discharge for selected sites on the Tallapoosa River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained droughts occurred throughout most of the ACF-ACT area. Stream discharges were assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated stream discharges near the end of the 1941, 1954, and 1986 drought years were 48, 15, and 85 ft3/s, respectively, at the Georgia-Alabama State line; and 481 , 126, and 448 ft3/s, respectively, at the mouth of the Tallapoosa River. Estimated baseflow near the end of the individual drought years was about 9 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in Subarea 5. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 5. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was less than 1 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and about 6 percent of baseflow during the droughts of 1941, 1954, and 1986. Because ground-water use in Subarea 5 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 5 in one State is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surface-water occurrence in the other. Indications of long-term ground-water levels declines were not observed; however, the number and distribution of observation wells for which long-term water-level measurements are available in Subarea 5 are insufficient to draw conclusions.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1997

Ground-water resources of the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin in Georgia and Alabama, and middle Flint River basin in Georgia - Subarea 3 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins

Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin of Georgia and Alabama; and middle Flint River basin of Georgia, Subarea 3 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 3 encompasses about 6,180 square miles (mi 2) of the Coastal Plain Province in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. About 55 percent of the area is drained by the Chattahoochee River, with the remainder drained by the Flint River. The drainage area of the Chattahoochee River is divided almost equally between Alabama and Georgia. Subarea 3 is underlain by complexly interbedded sedimentary strata that dip gently to the southeast, underlying the Floridan aquifer system to the south. The strata comprise numerous porous-media aquifers and confining units that crop out in the northern part of Subarea 3 in generally northeast-trending bands. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Chattahoochee River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual baseflow is about 1,618 cubic feet per second (ft 3 /s) in the Chattahoochee River; and about 1,812 ft 3 /s in the Flint River. Of the 1,618 ft 3 /s baseflow in the Chattahoochee, about 37 percent is discharge from Alabama and 63 percent is discharge from Georgia. Near the end of the drought of 1954, baseflow was about 579 ft 3 /s in the Chattahoochee River; and about 963 ft 3 /s in the Flint River. Of the 579 ft 3 /s drought baseflow in the Chattahoochee River, about 15 percent was from Alabama and 85 percent from Georgia. Baseflow in Subarea 3 during the drought of 1954 was about 45 percent of mean-annual baseflow. Near the end of the drought of 1986, baseflow was about 449 ft 3 /s in the Chattahoochee River and about 498 ft 3 /s in the Flint River. Of the 449 ft 3 /s baseflow in the Chattahoochee River, about 16 percent was discharge from Alabama and 84 percent was discharge from Georgia. Baseflow in Subarea 3 during the 1986 drought was about 28 percent of mean-annual baseflow. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 3. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was about 2.2 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and ranged from about 4.9 to 8.0 percent of baseflows near the end of the droughts of 1954 and 1986, respectively. Because groundwater use in Subarea 3 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 3 in one State is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surface-water occurrence in the other. Indications of long-term ground-water level declines were not observed; however, the number and distribution of observation wells having long-term water-level measurements in Subarea 3 are insufficient to draw conclusions.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1993

40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and Alleghanian development of the southernmost Appalachian Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia

40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra of hornblende, muscovite, and microcline, and total fusion ages of biotite from metamorphic rocks of the Inner Piedmont, Pine Mountain, and Uchee belts are reported. Mineral cooling ages from the eastern part of the Inner Piedmont are as follows: hornblende, 320 Ma; muscovite, 296 Ma; biotite, 293 Ma; and microcline (diffusional release patterns) Tmax = 267 Ma, Tmin = 234 Ma. A 347 Ma hornblende spectrum from the highest Inner Piedmont structural level sampled is the oldest date determined and implies earlier passage of this level through the 500 °C isotherm. Most release spectra from Pine Mountain belt units are discordant with little or no apparent geologic meaning. Modified saddle-shaped release patterns for hornblende indicate extraneous argon with a maximum age of ∼358 Ma. Muscovite from the Pine Mountain belt cover sequence is 286 Ma (plateau age), and one from the underlying Grenville basement is 277 Ma (correlation age), indicating cooling below the 350 °C isotherm. Plateau ages on Uchee belt rocks are as follows: hornblende, from 297 to 288 Ma; muscovite, 285 Ma; biotite, 276 Ma; and microcline Tmax = 261 Ma, Tmin 230 Ma. Muscovite fish from a Bartletts Ferry fault zone phyllonite have a plateau age of 283 Ma. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar results combined with other geologic data indicate that (1) a large part of the southern and Inner Piedmonts of Alabama and southwest Georgia experienced a late Paleozoic amphibolite-facies thermal and deformational event contemporaneous with the Alleghanian orogeny observed in the foreland; (2) the tectonic development of this event, characterized by initial crustal thickening followed by right-slip and normal-slip movements, is grossly similar to that described for the amphibolite-facies Alleghanian belt in the eastern Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia; and (3) extensional movements along the flanks of the Pine Mountain window occurred between ca. 277 Ma and the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and thus may reflect latest Alleghanian extensional collapse or Mesozoic rifting.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1980

Summary of the river-quality assessment of the upper Chattahoochee River basin, Georgia

The river-quality assessment of the Upper Chattahoochee River Basin included studies of (1) the impact of heat loads on river quality, (2) sediment transport and deposition, (3) magnitude and nature of point and nonpoint discharges, and (4) phytoplankton growth in the river and reservoirs. The combined thermal effects of flow regulation and powerplants effluents resulted in mean daily river temperature downstream of the powerplants about equal to or less than computed natural temperatures. The average annual river temperature in 1976 was 14.0 ? Celsius just upstream of the Atkinson-McDonough thermoelectric powerplants and 16.0 ? Celsius just downstream from the powerplants. During a low-flow period in June 1977 the heat load from the two powerplants caused an increase in river temperatures of about 7 ? Celsius and a subsequent decrease in the dissolved-oxygen concentration of about 0.2 milligrams per liter. During the June low-flow period, point sources contributed 63 percent of the ultimate biochemical oxygen demand and 97 percent of ammonium as nitrogen at the Franklin station. Oxidation of ultimate biochemical demand and ammonium caused dissolved-oxygen concentrations to decrease from about 8.0 milligrams per liter at river mile 299 to about 4.5 milligrams per liter at river mile 271. Dissolved orthophosphate is the nutrient presently limiting phytoplankton growth in the West Point Lake when water temperatures are greater than about 26 ? Celsius.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1973

Dewatering of the Clayton Formation during construction of the Walter F George Lock and Dam, Fort Gaines, Clay County, Georgia

Walter F. George Lock and Dam, the largest manmade structure in the South, extends over 2llz miles across the flood plain of the Chattahoochee River at Fort Gaines, Clay County, in southwest Georgia and in Henry County, in southeast Alabama. The multipurpose dam consists of two rolled-filled earth dikes, a concrete spillway, a single-stage lock with an 88-foot lift, and a 130,000 kilowatt capacity powerhouse. The foundation of the dam at the river is constructed in the Clayton Formation, and the earth dikes are constructed on river terraces at about 150 feet above msl (mean sea level). At the damsite, the top of the Clayton Formation consists of an "earthy" limestone, which is about 35 feet thick except in the river channel, where it is 12 to 15 feet thick; a "shell" limestone, which averages about 40 feet thick; and a basal "sandy" limestone, which averages about 35 feet thick. The Providence Sand underlies the "sandy" limestone and its thickness is about 175 feet at the damsite. These formations contain water under artesian conditions. The "shell" unit of the Clayton was the principal water-bearing formation pumped during construction of the lock and dam. The large yields of the wells from concentrated areas over extended periods of time indicate that in the vicinity of the Chattahoochee River, the Clayton Formation is a productive aquifer with transmissivity ranging from 48,000 to 77,000 gpd per ft. (gallons per day per foot) and storage coefficient ranging from 2.5 x 10?3 to 2.8 x 10?5. At the spillway site, pumpage ranged from an average of 1,700 to 8,400 gpm (gallons per minute) during the period April 1957 to July 1959; at the powerhouse site, pumpage ranged from 1,600 to 5,000 gpm during the period October 1957 to September 1961; and at the lock site, pumpage ranged from 4,000 to 5,000 gpm during the period July 1960 through December 1961. The large yields represent a source of large quantities of ground water available for industrial and other uses in an area readily accessihle by barge from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, Ga. During dewatering, the potentiometric surface was lowered from a pre-pumping altitude of about 115 to 120 feet above msl to a minimum altitude of about 40 feet above msl, or near the bottom of the "shell" limestone. The stage of the Chattahoochee River ranged from about 20 to 60 feet above the potentiometric surface at the dewatering sites. The Chattahoochee River seemingly is recharging the Clayton Formation near the damsite, possibly through large solution cavities such as were observed during construction of the spillway site at the river. Furthermore, a "honeycombed" network of large solution holes caused the collapse of a section of "earthy" limestone near the powerhouse site. Some underground leakage is expected to occur at the damsite because of the cavernous condition of the limestone, particularly on the Alabama side of the river.

Alabama, Georgia↗
USGS1965

Effects of field applications of heptachlor on bobwhite quail and other wild animals

A study of the effects of field applications of heptachlor on bobwhite quail ( Colinus uirginianus ) and other animals was conducted on three similar areas, two in Decatur County, Georgia, and one in Escambia County, Alabama, from February, 1958, to March, 1962. Heptachlor in granules was applied by aircraft on the Georgia areas for eradication of the imported fire ant ( Solenopsis saevissima ). Applications were directed by personnel of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Division. The Alabama area remained untreated. Transects where whistling cocks were counted were superimposed on areas where coveys were counted. Size of areas varied from 14,000 to 20,000 acres. Each area had six transects, totaling 11,000 acres. Whistling cock bobwhites and coveys averaged 28 and 20 per 1,000 acres, respectively, the year before treatment on a Georgia area, and cocks and coveys averaged 25 per 1,000 acres for the duration of the study on the untreated Alabama area. Where portions of an area were treated at 2 pounds of heptachlor per acre, whistling cocks and coveys were reduced significantly, with a greater reduction where a greater amount of land was treated on the area or its transects. A decline of cocks and coveys also followed 1/2-pound applications (approaching statistical significance for coveys). Three years after treatment, cock and covey numbers were below those recorded before treatment. Whistling cocks and coveys also declined on adjoining land which remained untreated (significant for cocks, approaching significance for coveys). This decline was attributed to movements of bobwhites from untreated land to repopulate treated land. There is evidence that some loss occurred in bobwhites after they moved from untreated to treated land; the decrease in each instance was ascribed to the application of heptachlor. Songbirds were listed on the two Georgia areas. The first summer, eight more species and 458 more individuals of permanent resident birds were listed on the untreated area than on the treated area. After half of the originally untreated area was treated with heptachlor at 2 pounds per acre the following winter, the number of resident birds declined 37 percent. Some species of summer resident birds could not be found on treated land after heptachlor was applied. A small plot of 4 acres was intensively searched for dead and dying animals, and observations were made on living animals. Forty-seven days after treatment, no live animals were seen or heard on the plot, and a total of 38 dead animals had been found. Soils were sampled twice after treatment, and residues had declined in the second lot of samples. Twice animals also were obtained for analysis, and residues declined in the second group. Numbers of birds increased in the same period.

Alabama, Georgia↗