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Walter N. White

Publications and source records attributed to Walter N. White.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2014

Ground‐water problems in the Southern High Plains

The High Plains region has been passing through a prolonged low in the precipitation‐cycle during a large part of the last decade. The drought has continued longer and has been more severe than any that has been experienced since the region began to be farmed. It has caused untold distress. Crops have failed for years in succession. In large areas in the so‐called dust‐bowl the top soil has been almost entirely removed by wind‐erosion and the dust‐storms have become so bad at times that the health of the inhabitants has been seriously threatened. In some parts of the region the annual rainfall, which ranges from about 18 to 24 inches, according to the location of the area, has returned to about the normal or long‐time average. In others the drought is still in progress and a partial or complete crop‐failure was again experienced in 1938. When the rainfall‐record is studied, it becomes apparent that a large part of the High Plains never should have been farmed and should be allowed to go back to the range, if indeed the native grasses can be restored. Other parts, however, can still be farmed with moderate success by the farmer who uses proper methods of cultivation and crop‐rotation, and combines farming with stock‐raising by keeping a part of his land in pasture and raising mostly feed‐crops. Irrigation, if it can be accomplished at a practicable cost, affords security both to the farmer and stock‐raiser.

Southern High Plains↗
USGS1944

Ground-water resources of the Houston district, Texas

This report covers the current phase of an investigation of the supply of ground water available for the Houston district and adjacent region, Texas,- that has been in progress during the past 10 years. The field operations included routine inventories of pumpage, measurements of water levels in observation wells and collection of other hydrologic data, pumping tests on 21 city-owned wells to determine coefficients of permeability and storage, and the drilling of 13 deep test wells in unexplored parts of the district. Considerable attention has been given to studies of the location of areas or beds of sand that contain salt water. The ground water occurs in beds of sand, sandstone, and gravel of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene age. These formations crop out in belts that dip southeastward from their outcrop areas and are encountered by wells at progressively greater depths toward the southeast. The beds throughout the section are lithologically similar, and there is little agreement among geologists as to their correlation. -In this investigation, however, the sediments, penetrated by the wells are separated into six zones, chiefly on the basis of electrical logs. Most of the water occurs in zone 3, which ranges in thickness from 800 to 1,200 feet. Large quantities of ground water are pumped in three areas in the Houston district, as follows: The Houston tromping area, which includes Houston and the areas immediately adjacent; the Pasadena pumping area, which includes the industrial section extending along the ship channel from the Houston city limits eastward to Deer Park; and the Katy pumping area, an irregular-shaped area of several hundred square miles, which is roughly centered around the town of Katy, 30 miles west of Houston. In 1930 the total combined withdrawal of ground water in the Houston and Pasadena pumping areas averaged about 50 million gallons a day. It declined somewhat during 1932 and 1933 and then gradually increased, until in 1935 the total pumpage was about the same as it was in 1930. About March 1, 1937, the pumpage was increased by about 40 percent, when new wells near Pasadena were put into operation. During 1940 it is estimated that the total pumpage in the Houston and Pasadena areas averaged about 79 million gallons a day, an increase of about 65 percent over the pumpage in 1935. About 25 million gallons of this increase has occurred in the Pasadena area. In the Katy rice-growing area the pumpage in 1935 was about 14 million gallons a day; in 1937 it was about 30 million gallons a day; in 1939 about 40 million gallons a day; and in 1940 about 45 million gallons a day. In 1940 the estimated total pumpage from the Houston, Pasadena, and Katy pumping areas was about 124 million gallons a day, or twice as much as it was in 1935. The increase in pumping at Pasadena in the spring-of 1937 caused the water leveling wells in the Houston and Pasadena areas, which had not varied materially for about 7 years, to decline at a rapid rate. Further increases in the pumping both at Houston and Pasadena in 1939 and 1940 has caused further substantial decline. The water levels in wells in the Katy rice-growing area also declined materially. The evidence points to the probability that in all parts of the Houston district, except the Katy rice-growing area, the rainfall is recharging the aquifers at a rate greater than that at which the water is transmitted down the dip. In the Katy area the recharge is insufficient to balance the joint discharge by transmission down the dip and withdrawal from rice-irrigating wells. The average coefficient of transmissibility was. calculated as 160,000 gallons a day. On the basis of these estimates the inflow in February 1940 across the artesian contour 10 feet below sea level (see pl. 10) was computed as 72 million gallons a day. The amount of water taken out of artesian storage in the 300-square mile area within the -10 contour during the period February 1939 to February

Water Supply Paper↗
USGS1941

Geology and ground-water resources of the Lufkin area, Texas

This report covers Angelina County, Texas, of which Lufkin is the county seat, and parts of Nacogdoches and other adjacent counties. The area is underlain by a series of sands, clays, and shales of Eocene age that dip, in general, southward at an angle a little greater than that of the land surface, which also slopes southward, thus creating favorable artesian conditions. The formations cropping out in the area from north to south are the Wilcox group undifferentiated, the Carrizo sand, the Mont Selman formation, consisting of the Reklaw member, the Queen City sand member, and the Weches greensand member, the Sparta sand, the Cook Mountain and Yegua formations, and the Jackson group undifferentiated. Small supplies of potable water may be obtained from shallow wells in the outcrop areas of most of these formations. Only three of the formations appear to be likely to yield large supplies of water to wells, and in these the water is under sufficient artesian pressure in most places to cause wells to flow. The Yegua formation yields large amounts of water to some wells in the vicinity of Lufkin. However, the water is moderately mineralized and is not acceptable for municipal use except after dilution with surface water and treatment to reduce mineralization. Moreover, most of the wells in this formation yield only small quantities of water, which is highly mineralized. The Sparta sand appears to be likely to yield large supplies of water to wells throughout the northern part of Angelina County. The water, however, is moderately to highly mineralized and cannot be used for purposes that require water of good quality. The Carrizo sand promises to yield large quantities of water low in mineralization in northern Angelina County and southern Nacogdoches County. Computations indicate that the present southward flow through the formation is about 2,750,000 gallons a day, but pumping from wells and thus increasing the hydraulic gradient would greatly increase the flow. Considerable amounts of water will also be released from storage in the formation after pumping begins.

Water Supply Paper↗
USGS1941

Geology and ground-water resources of the Balmorhea area, western Texas

Balmorhea is the center of a thriving farming community, the lands of which are irrigated with water derived chiefly from large springs but partly from the storm flow of Toyah Creek. The storm flow of the creek and a part of the winter flow of the springs is stored in a reservoir near Balmorhea and used later to supplement the flow of the springs. The present investigation was made to determine the geologic and hydrologic relations of the springs, whether additional water can be obtained from wells, and what effect the withdrawal of large amounts of water from wells would have upon the discharge of the springs. Balmorhea is situated near the foot of the Davis and Barrilla Mountains and along the southwestern margin of the Toyah Basin. The mountains and adjacent basin are drained by Toyah and Limpia Creeks. The group of springs around Balmorhea occur in the floor of the valley of Toyah Creek. They have been divided into artesian springs--Phantom Lake, Giffin and San Solomon Springs; and gravity springs--Toyah Creek, Saragosa, East Sandia and West Sandia Springs. The combined discharge of the springs during dry years is about 23,000 gallons a minute, of which amount the artesian springs supply more than 90 percent. The underground reservoir which supplies the artesian springs is the fractured and cavernous Lower Cretaceous limestone. This limestone, about 500 feet thick, is underlain by impermeable rocks, probably of Permian age, and is overlain by impermeable Upper Cretaceous strata that have a maximum thickness of about 500 feet. These are in turn overlain in the mountains by Tertiary lava and on the plains by gravel and other surficial deposits. The Lower Cretaceous limestone is at the surface or covered by a thin layer of gravel in a belt that lies athwart the stream channels and extends from Gomez Peak southeastward along the foothills of the Davis Mountains. In this belt all the streams suffer heavy seepage losses. From this belt the limestone dips gently northeastward to the axis of a northwestward-trending syncline and then rises to the surface in the vicinity of Phantom Lake, where a part of the water is discharged. About 1,000 feet northeast of this lake is a northwestward-trending fault of small displacement, on the northeast side of which the limestone is downthrown, northeastward from this fault the limestone rises gently and appears at the surface about a mile to the northeast, where it is again downfaulted, but the throw is not sufficient to affect the movement of the water. For several miles to the north the water-bearing Lower Cretaceous limestone is covered by 400 to 500 feet of impermeable Upper Cretaceous strata. It is believed that the Lower Cretaceous rocks are again near the surface and covered by only a thin mantle of gravel and other surficial deposits at San Solomon and Giffin Springs and that just northeast of the springs a fault crosses the valley along which the impermeable Upper Cretaceous rocks are faulted into a position opposite the Lower Cretaceous rocks, thus obstructing further northward movement of the water in the Lower Cretaceous limestone and forcing it to issue as large springs. Between this fault and Brogada the Lower Cretaceous rocks are believed to lie at a depth of about 500 feet and are overlain by Upper Cretaceous strata and a blanket of gravel and other surficial deposits, which are the source of the water of Toyah Creek, Sandia, and Saragosa Springs. Northeast of Brogada the Lower Cretaceous lies at a greater depth, and the mantle of gravel is much thicker. Wells put down to the limestone in the vicinity of San Solomon and Giffin Springs would decrease the flow of the springs. The effect of wells in limestone between the fault near these springs and the Brogado Hills on the flow of the springs would depend on the completeness with which the fault cuts off northward movement of ground water in the limestone. If the movement of water across the fault has been prev

Water Supply Paper↗
USGS1932

A method of estimating ground-water supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil: Results of investigations in Escalante Valley, Utah

Fluctuations of water levels in wells, if critically studied, may give much information as to the occurrence, movement, and quantity of available ground water. In some localities the ground-water level has been observed to decline during the day and to rise at night, the decline beginning at about the same hour every morning and the rise at about the same hour every night. This daily decline is due to the withdrawal of ground water from the zone of saturation by plants, and the rise at night is due to upward movement of water under slight artesian pressure from permeable beds of sand and gravel at some depth beneath the water table.

Utah↗