Denning black bear response to anthropogenic disturbance and implications for cub survival in Florida
Wildlife research and management can be disruptive to wildlife. By advancing our understanding of the impacts of these activities, we can reduce adverse effects, improve decision-making, and enhance the outcomes of research and management. During 2017–2019, we observed the responses of denning female American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) to 3 types of routine research and management activities in Florida, USA: (1) a low-level, nonintrusive human approach near the natal den ( n H 44); (2) a high-level, intrusive human approach involving cub handling ( n H 42); and (3) a prescribed burn within 1 km of the den during the denning season ( n H 11). We measured responses (flight distance, time away, and postdisturbance denning behavior) using Global Positioning System collars programmed to record a location every 2 hours. We observed minimal response from bears to low-level human disturbances. In contrast, all bears fled after high-level human disturbances, with responses ranging from staying nearby throughout the disturbance and quickly returning to cubs, to fleeing several kilometers and abandoning cubs. On average, bears fled approximately 380 m from the den and returned to their cubs 7 hours postdisturbance. After returning, most bears relocated their cubs to a new den site, on average 125 m away. Responses to prescribed fire ranged from no measurable response and no den relocation to den site abandonment with cub mortality. Through generalized linear modeling, we found that adult female time away was positively associated with cub age. We found that annual cub survival was negatively associated with fire exposure in the den and with continued denning at a disturbed den site following high-level disturbance. In areas where bears are easily displaced from dens, these results provide insights that may improve bear research and habitat management decisions.