Hazards to animals feeding on blackbirds killed with 4-aminopyridine baits
Red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) killed by ingesting cracked corn baits treated with 3 percent 4-aminopyridine, or by oral doses of 4-aminopyridine, were fed to canines, laboratory rats ( Rattus norvegicus ), black-billed magpies ( Pica pica ), and three species of hawks. The test animals consumed the equivalent of up to 3.4 LD 50 doses of 4-aminopyridine in single feedings and up to 3.2 LD 50 doses a day for 20 days in repeated feedings. None showed any symptoms of intoxication or gross abnormalities at necropsy.
Journal of Wildlife Management↗