Geology topics

Paul N. Frater

Publications and source records attributed to Paul N. Frater.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

USGS2026

Mixed support for the temperature-size rule in wild freshwater fishes

The temperature-size rule states that species living in warmer temperatures will grow faster and mature earlier at smaller sizes. While several studies have documented patterns in average body size consistent with the temperature-size rule in wild populations, a comprehensive test is lacking. Here, we use age and length data of 1.4 million fish across 7 species from 2704 lakes to quantify temperature-related variation in growth across ontogeny. Our results show that no species fully conforms to the temperature-size rule; despite patterns of juvenile growth rate and age at maturity typically aligning with the temperature-size rule, these changes seldom translate to reduced size at maturity or maximum size. We also found evidence that faster life histories in warmer environments are associated with reduced lifespans. A deeper understanding of how temperature shapes growth in natural systems is needed to accurately predict the effects of global warming on wildlife.

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,Michigan, Minnesota, South↗

USGS2024

Combined high rates of alternative breeding strategies unexpectedly found among populations of a solitary nesting raptor

Social monogamy is the prevalent mating system in birds, but alternative strategies of extra-pair paternity (EPP) and conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) occur in many species. Raptors are virtually absent in discussions of broad taxonomic reviews regarding EPP and CBP likely because these strategies are mostly absent or at low frequency; CBP is unreported in solitary nesting raptors. In contrast, we found high frequencies of EPP (16%–31%) and CBP (15%–26%) nests among three populations of Cooper's Hawks ( Accipiter cooperii ) across the northern breeding range of this solitary nesting, socially monogamous species. EPP and CBP combined occurred in 42%–46% of all nests among populations and hence unexpectedly were nearly equivalent to proportions of genetically monogamous nests. Select covariates failed to predict presence of EPP and CBP in part because virtually all extra-pair adults were uncaught and likely were floaters. We found no support for the hypothesis that territorial females traded copulations for food to maximize energy intake for increased production. Our unique discoveries enhance knowledge of the extent and diversity of alternative breeding strategies among groups of avian and other animal species.

North Dakota, Wisconsin↗

USGS2023

The incredible HALK: borrowing data for age assignment

Understanding age and growth are important for fisheries science and management; however, age data are not routinely collected for many populations. We propose and test a method of borrowing age–length data across increasingly broader spatiotemporal levels to create a hierarchical age–length key (HALK). We assessed this method by comparing growth and mortality metrics to those estimated from lake–year age–length keys ages using seven common freshwater fish species across the upper Midwestern United States. Levels used for data borrowing began most specifically by borrowing within lake across time and increased in breadth to include data within the Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 10 watershed, HUC8 watershed, Level III Ecoregion, and finally a species-wide data ALK using all available data with our study for a species. Median deviation in mean length of age-3 fish was within 1 cm for the most specific HALK levels, and median deviation in total annual mortality was close to 0 for most species when borrowing occurred within HUC10 and HUC8 watersheds. Percent error in growth curves increased with data borrowing, but plateaued—or even decreased—for some species when data borrowing expanded across spatial levels. We present the HALK as a method for gaining age information about a fishery when age data are unavailable.

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Sout↗