Shear surface undulations modulate clayey gouge strength and contribute to divergent landslide acceleration
Landslides display a spectrum of speeds for incompletely known reasons. Sliding occurs along slickensided undulatory shear surfaces within boundary shear gouge. Laboratory tests reveal that gouge shear strength generally decreases with finite cumulative displacement during relatively rapid failure and may increase or decrease with increasing shear rate; these behaviors can result in accelerating or decelerating landslide motion, which significantly affects consequent hazards. However, mechanisms responsible for such behaviors are poorly understood. We performed advanced ring shear strength testing that revealed such variable strength of a landslide near Oso, Washington, USA. We hypothesized that millimeter-scale undulations along shear surfaces caused the strength variability by imparting shear strength but while also modifying stresses that locally increase and decrease the typically considered particle-scale shear strength. We tested our hypotheses in the laboratory and with finite element soil deformation modeling. Lab results suggest that undulations contribute strength that decays with finite cumulative displacement. Modeling similarly reveals this, and that rapid shearing across undulations locally reduces effective normal stress by persistently elevating pore-water pressure and causing dilation. Consequent effects on strength differ by material with granular-rich, high-friction gouge losing strength and clay-rich, low-friction gouge losing little or gaining strength as shear rates increase. Ample testing by others reveals similar patterns. Hence, the propensity for gouge-controlled accelerating or decelerating failure may be estimated from simple index tests. Our findings on the effects of undulations reveal previously unknown mechanisms that may help to explain why some landslides reactivate catastrophically while others do not.