Eolian features in the Western Desert of Egypt and some applications to Mars
Relations of landform types to wind regimes, bedrock composition, sediment supply, and topography are shown by field studies and satellite photographs of the Western Desert of Egypt. This desert, which lies at the core of the largest hyperarid region on earth, provides analogs of Martian wind-formed features. These include sand dunes, alternating light and dark streaks, knob ‘shadows,’ and yardangs. Surface particles have been segregated by wind into deposits (dunes, sand sheets, and light streaks) that can be differentiated by their grain size distributions, surface shapes, and colors. Throughgoing sand of mostly fine to medium grain size is migrating southward in longitudinal dune belts and barchan chains whose long axes lie parallel to the prevailing northerly winds, but topographic variations such as scarps and depressions strongly influence the zones of deposition and dune morphology. Sand from the longitudinal dunes on the plains is commonly redistributed into barchans in the depressions. These barchans are generally simple crescents that are morphologically similar to many of the dunes seen on Viking orbiter pictures of the north polar sand sea on mars. Light streaks are depositional features consisting of dune belts and elongate sheets of coarse to medium sand and granules. Intervening dark streaks are erosional features consisting of strips of desert-varnished bedrock and lag gravel surfaces exposed between the sand deposits. The shape of both light and dark streaks is controlled by wind flow around topographic highs. Dark zones (shadows) in the lee of mountains, hills, and knobs are erosional products from the topographic highs; they change shape only in response to movement of the adjacent lighter-colored sand deposits. Streamlined yardangs carved in crystalline limestone constitute one of the largest yardang fields on earth. Yardangs occur also in sandstone of the Nubian Series and in lacustrine sediments. The variables that affect the patterns of wind erosion and deposition in the Western Desert are topographic effects on wind velocities and directions, resistance of the bedrock, sand supply, and climatic change with time; vegetation is essentially absent and is not a controlling factor.