Geology topics

Linda J. Stone

Publications and source records attributed to Linda J. Stone.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

USGS1977

Verification of a model for predicting the effect of inconstant temperature on embryonic development of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Eggs stripped from lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) spawning in Lake Michigan were incubated in the laboratory at temperatures similar to those on whitefish spawning grounds in Lake Michigan during December-April. Observed times from fertilization to attainment of each of 21 developmental stages were used to test a model that predicts the rate of development at daily fluctuating temperatures; the model relates rate of development for any given stage j, expressed as the reciprocal of time (Rj), to temperature (T). The generalized equation for a developmental stage is Rj = abTcT??. Observed times agreed well (5.5% mean difference for all stages) with times predicted by the model; the observed time of 135 days from fertilization to hatching (stage 21) was only 5 days (3.7%) less than the predicted time of 140 days. The model was further verified by applying it to unpublished data supplied by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, for eggs from Lake Huron whitefish incubated in the laboratory in untempered Lake Huron water. The model was used to predict the effects of small temperature increases (caused by a hypothetical waste-heat discharge) on the rate of development and time of hatching of lake whitefish eggs. According to this simulation, continuous addition of waste heat sufficient to raise the temperature 1, 2, or 3 C above ambient on the spawning grounds during December-April would advance the time of hatching 8, 16, or 21 days, respectively. Possible effects of this advancement on the reproductive success of whitefish are discussed.

Technical Paper↗

USGS1974

Effect of temperature on accumulation of methylmercuric chloride and p,p'DDT by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Amounts of mercury and DDT residues accumulated from water by yearling rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) in the laboratory increased as water temperature increased. Fish exposed to methylmercuric chloride at concentrations of 234–263 parts per trillion for 12&ensp;wk at 5, 10, and 15&ensp;C accumulated 1.19, 1.71, and 1.96&ensp;ppm; fish exposed to p , p ′DDT at concentrations of 133–176 parts per trillion accumulated 3.76, 5.93, and 6.82&ensp;ppm. Concentrations of mercury accumulated by the fish were significantly different ( P &ensp;<&ensp;0.01) at each of the three temperatures, and the concentrations of DDT were significantly different at 5 and 10 and 5 and 15&ensp;C. Throughout the period of exposure, the concentration factors (concentration of contaminant in the fish/concentration in water) at each of the three temperatures were far higher for p , p ′DDT than for methylmercuric chloride.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗

USGS1974

Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory

In the laboratory we measured the amounts of dieldrin and p,p'DDT accumulated by fish from contaminated water and food to determine how fish from Lake Michigan accumulate high concentrations of these insecticides from an environment where the concentrations in water are generally less than 0.01 ppb. Eight groups of yearling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to different combinations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and food. Concentrations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT ranged from 0.006 to 0.010 ppb in water and from 1,700 to 2,300 ppb in food (Oregon moist pellets). After 152 days of exposure to insecticides in water, fish had accumulated an average of 478 ppb dieldrin or 352 ppb p,p'DDT. Fish exposed to dieldrin and p,p'DDT in food accumulated 470 and 648 ppb, respectively. However, it was difficult to determine exactly how much of either insecticide was accumulated from the food because trace amounts (0.003-0.004 ppb) had leached from food or feces. After exposure to the insecticide was terminated, fish eliminated dieldrin at a much faster rate than p,p'DDT. In fish exposed to a combination of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and then held for 125 days in uncontaminated water, the total amount of dieldrin (I?g) declined 89%, but the total amount of p,p'DDT remained unchanged. We used data from this study to estimate how much p,p'DDT adult Lake Michigan coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) accumulated from water and from food during a 104-day period (May-August 1968). The estimates suggest that during these months coho salmon accumulated most of the body burden of p,p'DDT from food.

Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Resea↗