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Frank T. Manheim

Publications and source records attributed to Frank T. Manheim.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
USGS1972

Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg XI

The sediments cored at Sites 98, 99 and 100 are predominantly biogenic; those cored at Sites 101 through 106 are composed mainly of terrigenous material. As reported previously, most constituents in pore waters from the biogenic oozes exhibit minor changes in chemistry relative to sea water. In the terrigenous-hemipelagic sediments interstitial solutions initially of sea water composition have undergone considerable reaction. These reactions have produced large changes in the concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfate (SO 4 ) and HCO 3 relative to sea water. In addition, this set of samples documents significant diagenetic alteration of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Potassium exhibits little change in most samples, but in a few instances is depleted at depth. The analytical techniques employed are identical to those described in earlier volumes of the Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In an effort to identify alteration of sample composition during storage, salinity determinations 2 are made on the pore solution immediately upon their recovery from the sediments. The same measurement is made in the laboratory when the sample containers are opened for analysis. Occasionally evidence of evaporation is found as in Sample 104-2-5; the shipboard salinity was 32%o, while the laboratory measurement yielded 38%o. Changes of 3 to 4 per cent were also noted in several other samples as noted in the tables. Adjustment of the analytically determined concentrations has been made and the corrected values presented in Tables 1 and 2. A large part of the work involved in the analyses of these samples has been done by Irene Uhlitzsch; we are indebted to her for the invaluable assistance she has rendered.

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1972

Interstitial Water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling project, leg XII

With the exception of Site 114, all interstitial waters in Leg 12 showed marked increases in calcium, which can be attributed to diagenetic dissolution and recrystallization of calcium carbonate, especially coccolith and foraminiferal tests. Magnesium loss may be due to either or both replacement of iron in clays or the dolomitization of calcium carbonate. The lowest sample from Site 113, on the mid-Labrador Sea Ridge, yielded only 250 mg/kg magnesium but 2.56 g/kg calcium in interstitial water from a clayey, siliceous quartz silt. Strontium values close to and exceeding 100 mg/kg were noted, especially in sites showing extensive carbonate recrystallization. Few significant deviations in chloride concentration from sea water levels were noted.

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1972

Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg 14

The interstitial waters from the sediments cored on Leg 14 exhibit characteristic compositional trends with three important exceptions. At most of the sites, the changes in Na and Cl are very small while enrichment of Ca and Sr and depletion of Mg and SO 4 is typical of patterns observed in similar types of sediment recovered on previous legs. At Sites 139 and 140, off the African coast, and Site 144, off the coast of South America, systematic increases in concentration with depth are found for Na and Cl. At these sites, the concentration changes, in Ca, Mg, SO 4 and Sr generally follow diagenic patterns observed previously, but there is some indication of other factors affecting Mg concentrations. All analyses reported here, with the exception of bulk water content and pH, were carried out on water samples which were squeezed from the sediments on board ship and preserved by heat-sealing in lengths of polyethylene tubing. Analytical methods were identical to those outlined in earlier volumes of this series. We wish to thank Wen Chang, James O'Neill and Irene Uhlitzsch for their assistance in conducting the laboratory determinations and data reduction

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1972

Foreign literature and translations in earth science

More than 50 percent of the total abstracted geologic literature is in Russian, followed by English at about 30 percent, and French, German, and Japanese from about 8 to 2 percent. Communist Chinese publications ceased as a result of the Cultural Revolution and have not resumed. Less than 2 percent of American earth scientists read and use Russian literature in the original to any significant extent. About 30 percent know some French, German, and Spanish, but only a much smaller proportion uses these languages in practice. The most important sources of knowledge about foreign work are translation journals, almost exclusively from Russian, and foreign scientists who write in American and international journals. Less than 0.5 percent of Russian earth science books are translated or known in the United States. Scientific provincialism is strong and increasing in the United States, owing to or demonstrated by the publications explosion and squeeze on libraries and scientists, weakening or abandonment of language requirements in universities, and cessation of all broad earth science abstracting services in English. Suggestions for improving communication of foreign literature include earlier exposure to languages in schools and stress on critical use rather than perfunctory examinations. A "critical mass" of linguistically competent and active scientists is necessary to find the important, not merely important-sounding, titles in the literature morass and introduce them into widely read earth science media.

Conference Paper↗
USGS1971

Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7

The sediments cored on Leg 7 are predominantly deep sea biogenic oozes and chalks; only rarely were significant quantities of pelagic clays and volcanic detritus encountered. The biogenic sections include both siliceous and calcareous deposits. At three sites the drilling terminated in basalt, one of which (Site 62) is interpreted as being intrusive on the basis of intense alteration of the overlying sediment. With the exception of Ca++ and Sr , compositional changes in the pore waters are characteristically small relative to those reported previously for rapidly deposited, non-biogenic sediments. Ca++ and Sr + , however, exhibit concentrations of up to three times and ten times, respectively, those found in sea water. In several instances, constant concentration gradients as a function of depth have been found. The sampling, storage and analytical procedures employed have been briefly described in an earlier report (Sayles et al, 1970) and are detailed in a manuscript in preparation (Manheim and Chan). Sodium has been calculated as the difference between the summation of the anions and the summation of the major cations exclusive of sodium; to date, this method has proven more accurate than direct analytical methods. Agreement between the two types of silica determination used (emission spectrometric and colorimetric) is poor; the values obtained by emission spectrometry are characteristically higher. The colorimetric technique measures only "reactive" silica (monomeric and possibly dimeric) while the emission spectrometric technique will determine all of the silica in solution and in suspension. The silica content of most of the solutions is high (60 ppm) and polymerization is likely. We are currently investigating this discrepancy. The pH and water content data reported were obtained aboard the Glomar Challenger immediately after sampling

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1970

Geological significance of coccoliths in fine-grained carbonate bands of postglacial Black Sea sediments

The origin of fine carbonate muds in deep parts of the Black Sea has been explained in various ways, but details of how the carbonate was formed are poorly understood. We have studied samples containing fine carbonate from cores obtained during the cruise of Atlantis II (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) to the Black Sea in April and May 1969. Examination of the light-coloured bands and darker bands by scanning electron micrographs and light microscopy shows that Holocene coccoliths are the overwhelmingly dominant constituents in the light bands, whereas Cretaceous and Eocene coccoliths are important components of the carbonate in the darker matrix.

Nature↗
USGS1970

Role of gravity, temperature gradients, and ion exchange media in the formation of fossil brines

Calculations show that gravitational settling of ions in an isothermal sediment column could produce increases of equilibrium concentrations in pore waters ranging from 1 percent per 100 m depth for chloride to 4 percent per 100 m depth for strontium. The migration of ions in a thermal gradient (Soret effect) would cause minor salt enrichment upward toward the colder pole, but the presence of cation-exchanging particles such as clays would reverse this tendency and cause pumping of salt downward. A model calculation using literature data for the thermal potentials suggests that about 5-percent enrichment in Cl per 100 m depth may occur under steady-state conditions. These mechanisms do not explain the greater enrichments commonly found in subsurface brines, but may modify salt distributions due to other phenomena.

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulle↗
USGS1970

Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg 4

Reorganization and recodification of shipboard procedures for collecting interstitial waters has resulted in improved and more regular collection and analysis of pore fluids. Comparative studies of waters squeezed and analyzed on shipboard and analyzed in the shore laboratory show generally good agreement, except for some aberrations whose sources are hard to track down. Influences of pressure and temperature during squeezing on composition of effluents were re-examined for clayey samples from Leg 4 cores. Pressure was not found to be significant, whereas the temperature effects are significant, but are less than variations attributable to diagenetic reactions in the sediments. Conservative constituents, such as, chloride, sodium and bromide, remain relatively constant (within about 1.5 per cent) with changing depth in the holes; but, large depletions with respect to normal sea water occur in calcium (to 0.06 g/kg), magnesium (to 0.7), potassium (to 0.20), and sulfate (to 0.11) in most of the cores. On the other hand, large enrichments of calcium (to 1.57 g/kg) and lithium (to 1.7 ppm) occurred in Holes 24 and 24A. The depletion of several constituents in pore waters of Hole 26 (Vema fracture zone) caused a drop in total salt content to as low as 31 o/oo. However, no real dilution effects are involved, since chloride and sodium values remain typical of those in ocean bottom waters.

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1969

Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 1

The most dramatic variations in pore water composition occurred in Holes 2 and 3 in the Gulf of Mexico. Both holes showed a strong increase in salinity with depth, evidently owing to diffusion from underlying salt bodies. However, on Challenger Knoll (Hole 2) a sharp drop in salinity was observed in the cap rock of the salt dome in which chloride fell to only 4.8 percent. The drop is attributed to production of fresh water during the formation of native sulfur. Outside of the Gulf of Mexico, changes in total salinity with depth did not exceed a few percent, but differences in diagenetic modification of the ionic ratios of sea water were pronounced. In nondiapiric strata in the Gulf of Mexico (Hole 1) both magnesium and potassium were depleted in the pore waters, whereas in the open ocean holes (4, 5, 6, and 7), potassium appeared in excess. Water content (porosity) of the cores was irregular.

Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project↗
USGS1968

Submarine encrustation of a Byzantine nail

Virtually all iron objects recovered from a 7th century Byzantine shipwreck off the coast of Turkey were encrusted with a carbonate-rich layer. Mineralogical and chemical examination reveals limonite, siderite, and aragonite as dominant authigenic phases. The encrustations can be explained by oxidation (corrosion) of the metal in sea water. Analogous processes are suggested for many concretions formed around metallic nuclei in sea water.

Yassi Ada Island↗
USGS1967

ALVIN dives on the continental margin off the southeastern United States

In late June and July, 1967, the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle (DSRV) ALVIN, aboard its mother snip, LULU, proceeded from the spring base of operations, Nassau, to its home port of Woods Hole. During this trip, from July 2 to July 14, a series of five dives were made by ALVIN on the Blake Plateau off Georgia and South Carolina, and on the continental slope north of Cape Hatteras.

Georgia, South Carolina↗