Amphibian use of recently created wetlands in the Palouse region of northern Idaho, USA
Human development has resulted in the loss of natural wetlands in many regions and thus has led to amphibian habitat loss. Human-constructed wetlands are increasingly prevalent, particularly in human-modified landscapes, and can be used as breeding habitats by amphibians. It is important to identify factors influencing amphibian use of constructed wetlands to guide future wetland creation efforts. We examined wetland- and landscape-level factors influencing the presence and reproduction of native amphibians in 33 recently created (2–11 yold) wetlands within an urban-agricultural interface in northern Idaho, USA. We recorded wetland age, perimeter vegetation, and percentage of surrounding land cover as covariates and modeled detection and occupancy using Bayesian Multi-scale Occupancy Models for the three species we detected: Sierran Treefrog ( Pseudacris sierra ), Colombia Spotted Frog ( Rana luteiventris ), and Long-Toed Salamander ( Ambystoma macrodactylum ). Our results indicate that these three species can rapidly colonize recently created wetlands in an urban-agricultural interface. The effects of wetland- and landscape-scale features varied across species. Colombia Spotted Frog occupancy was greatest in older wetlands with some evidence for a negative association with more urbanized landscapes. Long Toed Salamanders and Sierran Treefrogs were not associated with wetland age but also showed some evidence of negative associations with urbanization. Long-Toed Salamanders showed evidence of using less vegetated wetlands while Sierran Treefrogs showed evidence of using more vegetated wetlands. Our results are consistent with multiple studies showing that wetlands in human-modified landscapes can provide amphibian breeding habitat, and they suggest that including vegetation plantings within recently created wetlands may promote amphibian colonization. Anecdotal observations also indicate that designing wetlands with sufficient hydroperiod for metamorphoses may be important for ensuring that newly created wetlands benefit amphibian populations.