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D. Carroll

Publications and source records attributed to D. Carroll.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2025

A U.S. scientific community vision for sustained earth observations of greenhouse gases to support local to global action

Managing carbon stocks in the land, ocean, and atmosphere under changing climate requires a globally-integrated view of carbon cycle processes at local and regional scales. The growing Earth Observation (EO) record is the backbone of this multi-scale system, providing local information with discrete coverage from surface measurements and regional information at global scale from satellites. Carbon flux information, anchored by inverse estimates from spaceborne Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentrations, provides an important top-down view of carbon emissions and sinks, but currently lacks global continuity at assessment and management scales (< 100 km). Partial-column data can help separate signals in the boundary layer from the overlying atmosphere, providing an opportunity to enhance surface sensitivity and bring flux resolution down from that of column-integrated data (100–500 km). Based on a workshop held in September 2024, the carbon cycle community envisions a carbon observation system leveraging GHG partial columns in the lower and upper troposphere to weave together information across scales from surface and satellite EO data, and integration of top- down/bottom-up analyses to link process understanding to global assessment.

AGU Advances↗
USGS1959

Leaching of clay minerals in a limestone environment

Water saturated with CO 2 at about 25°C was percolated through mixed beds of limestone or marble fragments and montmorillonite, “illite” and kaolinite in polyethylene tubes for six and fortyfive complete runs. The leachates were analysed for SiO 2 , A1 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 , but only SiO 2 was found. The minerals lost SiO 2 in this order: montmorillonite > kaolinite > “illite”. The differential removal of SiO 2 during the short period of these experiments suggests a mechanism for the accumulation of bauxite deposits associated with limestones.

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta↗
USGS1958

Role of clay minerals in the transportation of iron

The clay minerals have iron associated with them in several ways: 1. (1) as an essential constituent 2. (2) as a minor constituent within the crystal lattice where it is in isomorphous substitution and 3. (3) as iron oxide on the surface of the mineral platelets. Nontronite, “hydromica,” some chlorites, vermiculite, glauconite and chamosite contain iron as an essential constituent. Kaolinite and halloysite have no site within the lattice for iron, but in certain environments iron oxide (goethite or hematite) is intimately associated as a coating on the micelles. Analyses of clay minerals show that the content of Fe 2 O 3 varies: 29 per cent (nontronite), 7·3 per cent (griffithite), 4.5 per cent (“hydromica”), 5.5 per cent (chlorite), 4 per cent (vermiculite) and 18 per cent (glauconite). The FeO content is: 40 per cent (chamosite), 7.8 per cent (griffithite), 1–2 per cent (“hydromica”), 3 per cent (glauconite) and 2 per cent (chlorite). The iron associated with the clay minerals remains stable in the environment in which the minerals occur, but if either pH or Eh or both are changed the iron may be affected. Change of environment will cause: 1. (1) removal of iron by reduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ ; 2. (2) ion-exchange reactions; 3. (3) instability of the crystal lattice. Experiments using bacterial activity to produce reducing conditions with kaolinite and halloysite coated with iron oxides and with nontronite in which ferric iron is in the octahedral position within the lattice showed that ferric oxide is removed at Eh +0·215 in fresh water and at Eh +0.098 in sea water. Hematite, goethite, and indefinite iron oxides were removed at different rates. Red ferric oxides were changed to black indefinite noncrystalline ferrous sulphide at Eh −0.020 but reverted to ferric oxide under oxidizing conditions. Nontronite turned bright green under reducing conditions and some of the ferrous iron remained within the lattice on a return to oxidizing conditions. Bacterial activity seems to be necessary for maintaining reducing conditions in the environments studied.

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta↗