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Geology topics

C. A. Lemm

Publications and source records attributed to C. A. Lemm.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS1993

Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass

Juvenile striped bass Morone saxatilis (approximately 60 d old) were fed either a commercial trout feed or an open-formula salmon feed for 16 weeks and reared in 24°C fresh water or saline water prepared from sodium chloride or synthetic sea salt. Fish that were fed salmon feed were larger, contained higher levels of body lipid, and had livers with uniform glycogen vacuolation. Fish that were fed trout feed were smaller, contained less body lipid, and had necrotic liver tissue. More than 95% of the fish fed the trout feed and reared in water containing sodium chloride at 10‰ salinity died within the first 2 weeks. Mortality of fish fed the salmon feed under the same rearing conditions was 3% in 2 weeks. An osmoregulatory dysfunction from an imbalance of environmental calcium and sodium is suggested as the cause of the mortality. Although no definitive cause was established for the diet-related histological changes in the livers of fish that were fed the trout feed, type and level of dietary essential fatty acids are suspected

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health↗
USGS1992

Development of a practical diet for juvenile striped bass

We formulated four diets that simulated the amino acid profiles of eggs of striped bass Morone saxatilis , carcasses of larval striped bass, eggs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , or nauplii of Artemia salina ; a fifth diet contained a high concentration (33.6%) of shrimp meal. These diets were fed to juvenile striped bass for 14 weeks. Striped bass grew best when fed diets with an amino acid pattern that simulated the patterns of rainbow trout eggs or Artemia salina . Fish fed these two diets grew as well as, and had carcass compositions and protein efficiency ratios similar to those of, control fish fed the federally specified ASD2‐30 salmon diet. No histological or morphological abnormalities were noted. These two diets, which have potentially lower production costs and contain slightly less protein than ASD2‐30, may be used as prototype diets specifically for striped bass. Through further minor refinements, the diets could be used in production hatcheries.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1991

Survival and growth of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) fed Artemia enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA)

The nutritional value of Artemia nauplii from the Great Salt Lake was effectively improved for larval striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) by incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids (20: 5 n -3 and 22: 6 n -3) into the nauplii by the direct method of enrichment. Survival at 24 days post-hatch increased from 23% to 64% when fish were fed nauplii containing 8.24% lipid as 20: 5 n -3 and 3.10% as 22: 6 n -3 fatty acids. Growth of the larval fish was significantly improved by a diet of fatty acid enriched nauplii. Fatty acid composition of the larvae reflected the composition of the fed nauplii. Results suggested a requirement by larval striped bass for long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids and an inability, at this stage of development, to elongate and desaturate the shorter chain fatty acids in sufficient amounts to meet this requirement.

Aquaculture↗
USGS1991

Benzocaine as an anesthetic for striped bass

Benzocaine was tested as an anesthetic on juvenile and mature adult striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ). Concentrations of 55 mg/L at 22°C to 80 mg/L at 11°C effectively anesthetized fish in about 3 min. Recovery was more rapid as temperature increased. Fish survived concentrations of twice the effective concentration and exposure times up to 60 min at the effective concentration. Striped bass required higher concentrations for anesthetization than had been previously demonstrated for salmonid fishes, but safety margins for both concentration and exposure time were wider than for the salmonids.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1988

Lack of dietary effects on the timing of smoltification in Atlantic salmon

Six commercially available diets varying in lipid, protein, water, ash, and carbohydrate contents were fed to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) for 2 years to determine if diet affected smoltification. Each month, from March to September of the second year, sampled fish were exposed to 33‰ seawater for 24 h to determine smolt readiness, defined as the ability to maintain water and salt balance in a seawater challenge. Regardless of diet, Atlantic salmon were able to regulate plasma sodium and chloride ions (smoltify) only during early May. It is unlikely that hatchery managers could effectively use high‐energy diets to control the time of smoltification in Atlantic salmon.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1986

Growth of tiger muskellunge fed different amounts of protein at three water temperatures

Growth rates of tiger muskellunge (muskellunge Esox masquinongy ♀ x northern pike E. lucius ♂) fed diets containing 35, 45, or 55% crude protein for 5 weeks at 17, 20, or 23°C were compared. Fish fed diets containing 45 or 55% protein grew faster at all temperatures than those fed 35% protein. Growth of tiger muskellunge fed a diet containing either 45 or 55% protein did not increase significantly at optimum growth temperatures (20 or 23°C). At 17°C, below the optimum temperature range, growth did increase when the percentage of protein in the diet was increased.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1985

Movement of underyearling walleyes in response to odor and visual cues

Underyearling walleyes, allowed to move freely in a Y‐shaped chamber into which various substances were added to one arm or another, were attracted to sodium chloride, sucrose, glutathione, vitamin B 12 , betaine, arginine, Daphnia slurries, some fish slurries, washings from live Daphnia and Artemia, and some commercial fish foods. They avoided cysteine, glycine, glycine‐betaine, Artemia slurries, some fish slurries, and fish mucus; and showed little reaction to valeric and caproic acid, and some commercial fish foods. Tests of visual response, in which beakers containing live food organisms were placed in the arms of the chamber, indicated that walleyes respond strongly to the movement of food organisms. Walleyes usually surrounded the beakers containing live food organisms and repeatedly struck the glass. They were attracted more strongly to Artemia than to Daphnia. Results indicate that odor plays an important role in movement of walleyes to food and that there is a potential for attracting intensively cultured walleyes to man‐made diets with odorants.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1983

Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed semimoist or dry starter diets

Growth and survival were compared for first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a closed‐formula commercial preparation, BioDiet, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service high nutrient density diets 398 or 406 for 14 weeks. Growth of fry fed BioDiet for 2, 3, 4, or 6 weeks from first feeding and then fed diet 406 for the rest of the 14‐week study was also examined. Growth was fastest in fish fed exclusively diets 398 or 406 for 14 weeks, or BioDiet for 2 weeks followed by diet 406 for 12 weeks; survival was about 68, 82, and 92% respectively, for these three groups. These results indicate that in Atlantic salmon fry growth was most rapid and survival highest among fish fed BioDiet for the first 2 or 3 weeks followed by diet 406.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1981

Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets

Growth and survival were compared for groups of first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed various commercially available and experimental starter diets. In two separate 8‐ to 9‐week studies, survival was highest (more than 90%) in fish fed a semimoist closed‐formula commercial diet (BioDiet). In one study, fish grew fastest on BioDiet, whereas in the second study they grew fastest on a liver‐supplemented diet. Some diets were not eaten by the fish, resulting in little growth and less than 40% survival.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗